{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T12:44:56Z","timestamp":1782391496225,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic knee pain is a common condition. Causes of knee pain include trauma, inflammation, and degeneration, but in many patients the pathophysiology remains unknown. Recent developments in advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques and molecular imaging facilitate more in-depth research focused on the pathophysiology of chronic musculoskeletal pain and more specifically inflammation. The forthcoming new insights can help develop better targeted treatment, and some imaging techniques may even serve as imaging biomarkers for predicting and assessing treatment response in the future. This review highlights the latest developments in perfusion MRI, diffusion MRI, and molecular imaging with positron emission tomography\/MRI and their application in the painful knee. The primary focus is synovial inflammation, also known as synovitis. Bone perfusion and bone metabolism are also addressed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1775741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T23:43:57Z","timestamp":1699400637000},"page":"618-631","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of the Painful Knee"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jacob M.","family":"Mostert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels B.J.","family":"Dur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiufeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jutta M.","family":"Ellermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Hemke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurel","family":"Hales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Mazzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feliks","family":"Kogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James F.","family":"Griffith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin H.G.","family":"Oei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rianne A.","family":"van der Heijden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"14","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3593","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/14\/021","article-title":"Evaluation of response to treatment using DCE-MRI: the relationship between initial area under the gadolinium curve (IAUGC) and quantitative pharmacokinetic analysis","volume":"51","author":"S Walker-Samuel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(99)00058-7","article-title":"Evolution from empirical dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to pharmacokinetic MRI","volume":"41","author":"J S Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3082","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26979","article-title":"T\u231d1 mapping with the variable flip angle technique: a simple correction for insufficient spoiling of transverse magnetization","volume":"79","author":"S Baudrexel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25817","article-title":"Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of the patellar bone: how to quantify perfusion","volume":"47","author":"D HJ Poot","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.52.8.1019","article-title":"Blood brain barrier permeability in multiple sclerosis using labelled DTPA with PET, CT and MRI","volume":"52","author":"P S Tofts","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"450","key":"ref7","first-page":"400","article-title":"T1-weighted DCE imaging concepts: modelling, acquisition and analysis","volume":"500","author":"P S Tofts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Signal"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2019.10.008","article-title":"Are contrast-enhanced and non-contrast MRI findings reflecting synovial inflammation in knee osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"28","author":"D Shakoor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2016.03.017","article-title":"Synovitis assessed on static and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and its association with pain in knee osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional study","volume":"85","author":"R GC Riis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-06671-6","article-title":"Quantitative DCE-MRI demonstrates increased blood perfusion in Hoffa's fat pad signal abnormalities in knee osteoarthritis, but not in patellofemoral pain","volume":"30","author":"B A de Vries","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2019.07.013","article-title":"Quantitative subchondral bone perfusion imaging in knee osteoarthritis using dynamic contrast enhanced MRI","volume":"50","author":"B A de Vries","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5746","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-021-07698-z","article-title":"Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of synovitis in knee osteoarthritis: repeatability, discrimination and sensitivity to change in a prospective experimental study","volume":"31","author":"J W MacKay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.02.837","article-title":"The impact of a significant weight loss on inflammation assessed on DCE-MRI and static MRI in knee osteoarthritis: a prospective cohort study","volume":"28","author":"C L Daugaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2020.12.022","article-title":"The effect of exercise therapy on inflammatory activity assessed by MRI in knee osteoarthritis: secondary outcomes from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"E Bandak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Knee"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.10.009","article-title":"The effects of intra-articular glucocorticoids and exercise on pain and synovitis assessed on static and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging in knee osteoarthritis: exploratory outcomes from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"R GC Riis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.03.015","article-title":"Synovial volume vs synovial measurements from dynamic contrast enhanced MRI as measures of response in osteoarthritis","volume":"24","author":"A D Gait","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3109\/03009742.2011.608375","article-title":"Dynamic gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging allows accurate assessment of the synovial inflammatory activity in rheumatoid arthritis knee joints: a comparison with synovial histology","volume":"41","author":"M B Axelsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24933","article-title":"Reproducibility of DCE-MRI time-intensity curve-shape analysis in patients with knee arthritis: a comparison with qualitative and pharmacokinetic analyses","volume":"42","author":"C van der Leij","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3109\/03009742.2012.723745","article-title":"Reliability and responsiveness of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"42","author":"M B Axelsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39469","article-title":"Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging using pharmacokinetic modeling: initial experience in patients with early arthritis","volume":"68","author":"K I Maijer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-014-3168-z","article-title":"Pixel-by-pixel analysis of DCE-MRI curve shape patterns in knees of active and inactive juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients","volume":"24","author":"R Hemke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2017.07.003","article-title":"Construct validity of pixel-by-pixel DCE-MRI: correlation with conventional MRI scores in juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"94","author":"R Hemke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-007-0449-6","article-title":"Quantitative MR characterization of disease activity in the knee in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a longitudinal pilot study","volume":"37","author":"D W Workie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910230106","article-title":"Perfusion imaging","volume":"23","author":"J A Detre","year":"1992","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24891","article-title":"Feasibility of ASL spinal bone marrow perfusion imaging with optimized inversion time","volume":"42","author":"D Xing","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62110-y","article-title":"Measuring knee bone marrow perfusion using arterial spin labeling at 3\u2009T","volume":"10","author":"X Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28142","article-title":"7T bone perfusion imaging of the knee using arterial spin labeling MRI","volume":"83","author":"X Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.10.029","article-title":"Theoretical and experimental evaluation of multi-band EPI for high-resolution whole brain pCASL Imaging","volume":"106","author":"X Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199911000-00003","article-title":"Dielectric resonance phenomena in ultra high field MRI","volume":"23","author":"A Kangarlu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-017-9541-1","article-title":"The role of vasculature in bone development, regeneration and proper systemic functioning","volume":"20","author":"J Filipowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00317831","article-title":"Dynamic bone scintigraphy in osteochondritis dissecans","volume":"12","author":"R W McCullough","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-198808020-00016","article-title":"Computerized blood flow analysis for decision making in the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans","volume":"8","author":"H M Litchman","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref34","first-page":"20210077","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of musculoskeletal tissues: incremental role over conventional MR imaging in bone, soft tissue, and nerve lesions","volume":"4","author":"M Guirguis","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJR Open"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.345140190","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted MR imaging for characterizing musculoskeletal lesions","volume":"34","author":"T K Subhawong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2013.12.008","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted MR imaging for assessing synovitis of wrist and hand in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a feasibility study","volume":"32","author":"X Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26660","article-title":"Intravoxel incoherent motion MRI for discrimination of synovial proliferation in the hand arthritis: a prospective proof-of-concept study","volume":"50","author":"M Fujimori","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2012.04.006","article-title":"Quantification of synovitis in the cranio-cervical region: dynamic contrast enhanced and diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging in early rheumatoid arthritis\u2014a feasibility follow-up study","volume":"81","author":"M Jeromel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150775","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20150775","article-title":"A diffusion-based quantification technique for assessment of sacroiliitis in adolescents with enthesitis-related arthritis","volume":"89","author":"K Vendhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref40","first-page":"399","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted imaging is a sensitive biomarker of response to biologic therapy in enthesitis-related arthritis","volume":"56","author":"T Bray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020191685","article-title":"Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: diffusion-weighted MRI in the assessment of arthritis in the knee","volume":"295","author":"A M Barendregt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4889","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-4876-y","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted imaging for assessment of synovial inflammation in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a promising imaging biomarker as an alternative to gadolinium-based contrast agents","volume":"27","author":"A M Barendregt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4614","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4614","article-title":"Gadolinium-free assessment of synovitis using diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"35","author":"H JC Sandford","year":"2022","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12123041","article-title":"Diffusion tensor and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging correlate with molecular markers of inflammation in the synovium","volume":"12","author":"D Tripathi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken499","article-title":"Diffusion tensor anisotropy magnetic resonance imaging: a new tool to assess synovial inflammation","volume":"48","author":"V Agarwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.168.2.3393671","article-title":"Separation of diffusion and perfusion in intravoxel incoherent motion MR imaging","volume":"168","author":"D Le Bihan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.12.062","article-title":"What can we see with IVIM MRI?","volume":"187","author":"D Le Bihan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-022-00756-w","article-title":"Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) MRI in pediatric patients with synovitis of the knee joint: a prospective pilot study","volume":"20","author":"B Huch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol Online J"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-017-3800-6","article-title":"Intravoxel incoherent motion magnetic resonance imaging of the knee joint in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"47","author":"F Hilbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25476","article-title":"Use of intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging in identifying the vascular and avascular zones of human meniscus","volume":"45","author":"T Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"ref51","volume-title":"Non-contrast diffusion-weighted MRI for detection of synovitis using DESS","author":"E J McWalter","year":"2014"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02436-8","article-title":"Detection of knee synovitis using non-contrast-enhanced qDESS compared with contrast-enhanced MRI","volume":"23","author":"B A de Vries","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06542-9","article-title":"Time-saving opportunities in knee osteoarthritis: T2 mapping and structural imaging of the knee using a single 5-min MRI scan","volume":"30","author":"S M Eijgenraam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-5017-3","article-title":"Efficacy of double inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of the synovium in the femoro-patellar joint without contrast enhancement","volume":"28","author":"Y N Son","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-022-01299-0","article-title":"Double inversion recovery MRI versus contrast-enhanced MRI for evaluation of knee synovitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"13","author":"F Verkuil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-016-0312-5","article-title":"Evolving role of molecular imaging with (18)F-sodium fluoride PET as a biomarker for calcium metabolism","volume":"14","author":"W Raynor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref57","first-page":"12","article-title":"Detection of musculoskeletal infection with 18F-FDG PET: review of the current literature","volume":"32","author":"W B Crymes Jr","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nucl Med Technol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.110.077933","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of bone 18F-NaF deposition","volume":"51","author":"J Czernin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref59","first-page":"1091","article-title":"Assessment of porcine bone metabolism by dynamic [18F]fluoride ion PET: correlation with bone histomorphometry","volume":"42","author":"M Piert","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nucl Med Off Publ Soc Nucl Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.4923","article-title":"A systematic review of the factors affecting accuracy of SUV measurements","volume":"195","author":"M C Adams","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref61","first-page":"633","article-title":"Evaluation of the skeletal kinetics of fluorine-18-fluoride ion with PET","volume":"33","author":"R A Hawkins","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpet.2012.04.001","article-title":"Quantitative PET imaging using (18)F sodium fluoride in the assessment of metabolic bone diseases and the monitoring of their response to therapy","volume":"7","author":"G M Blake","year":"2012","journal-title":"PET Clin"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000002533","article-title":"Kinetic [18F]-Fluoride of the knee in normal volunteers","volume":"44","author":"B Haddock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"issue":"S 02","key":"ref64","first-page":"282","article-title":"The role of FDG-PET in assessing osteoarthritis","volume":"48","author":"J Shah","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2006.12.010","article-title":"Positron emission tomography with 18F-FDG in osteoarthritic knee","volume":"15","author":"H Nakamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000000376","article-title":"Increased 18F-FDG uptake suggests synovial inflammatory reaction with osteoarthritis: preliminary in-vivo results in humans","volume":"36","author":"M A Parsons","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25529","article-title":"PET\/MRI of metabolic activity in osteoarthritis: a feasibility study","volume":"45","author":"F Kogan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.02.563","article-title":"Assessment of quantitative [18F]Sodium fluoride PET measures of knee subchondral bone perfusion and mineralization in osteoarthritic and healthy subjects","volume":"29","author":"L Watkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref69","first-page":"102","article-title":"CT-based tissue segmentation to assess knee joint inflammation and reactive bone formation assessed by 18F-FDG and 18F-NaF PET\/CT: effects of age and BMI","volume":"21","author":"A Al-Zaghal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hell J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.04.001","article-title":"Quantitative imaging of bone-cartilage interactions in ACL-injured patients with PET-MRI","volume":"26","author":"F Kogan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.04.014","article-title":"[18F]NaF PET-MRI provides direct in-vivo evidence of the association between bone metabolic activity and adjacent synovitis in knee osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional study","volume":"29","author":"J W MacKay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2004.03.003","article-title":"Synovial lining macrophages mediate osteophyte formation during experimental osteoarthritis","volume":"12","author":"A B Blom","year":"2004","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-019-04424-2","article-title":"Assessment of acute bone loading in humans using [18F]NaF PET\/MRI","volume":"46","author":"B Haddock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2022.08.004","article-title":"[18F]Sodium fluoride PET-MRI detects increased metabolic bone response to whole-joint loading stress in osteoarthritic knees","volume":"30","author":"L E Watkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210713","article-title":"Efficacy of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a systematic literature review informing the 2016 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"76","author":"J L Nam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-203158","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging of the joints in the clinical management of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"72","author":"A N Colebatch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.088245","article-title":"MRI bone oedema is the strongest predictor of subsequent radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis. Results from a 2-year randomised controlled trial (CIMESTRA)","volume":"68","author":"M L Hetland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref78","first-page":"956","article-title":"Assessment of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with (18)F-FDG PET","volume":"45","author":"C Beckers","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-011-1777-3","article-title":"Hybrid 18F-FDG PET-MRI of the hand in rheumatoid arthritis: initial results","volume":"30","author":"F Miese","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-005-1952-3","article-title":"(18)F-FDG PET imaging of rheumatoid knee synovitis correlates with dynamic magnetic resonance and sonographic assessments as well as with the serum level of metalloproteinase-3","volume":"33","author":"C Beckers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11282","article-title":"Use of positron emission tomography with methyl-11C-choline and 2-18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose in comparison with magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of inflammatory proliferation of synovium","volume":"48","author":"A Roivainen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23955","article-title":"Noninvasive imaging of macrophages in rheumatoid synovitis using 11C-(R)-PK11195 and positron emission tomography","volume":"58","author":"C J van der Laken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0222844","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222844","article-title":"Imaging disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis by macrophage targeting using second generation translocator protein positron emission tomography tracers","volume":"14","author":"S TG Bruijnen","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57841-x","article-title":"First in man study of [18F]fluoro-PEG-folate PET: a novel macrophage imaging technique to visualize rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"10","author":"N JF Verweij","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2016.12.16","article-title":"Potential of PET-MRI for imaging of non-oncologic musculoskeletal disease","volume":"6","author":"F Kogan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.117.198259","article-title":"18F-FDG PET\/MRI in chronic sciatica: early results revealing spinal and nonspinal abnormalities","volume":"59","author":"P W Cipriano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-021-05425-w","article-title":"Have (R)-[11C]PK11195 challengers fulfilled the promise? A scoping review of clinical TSPO PET studies","volume":"49","author":"F Chauveau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.113.120261","article-title":"Evaluation of \u03c3-1 receptor radioligand 18F-FTC-146 in rats and squirrel monkeys using PET","volume":"55","author":"M L James","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S167839","article-title":"Successful treatment of chronic knee pain following localization by a sigma-1 receptor radioligand and PET\/MRI: a case report","volume":"11","author":"P W Cipriano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-022-04202-6","article-title":"Bone marrow MR perfusion imaging and potential for tumor evaluation","volume":"52","author":"J F Griffith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0043-1775741.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T23:45:10Z","timestamp":1699400710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0043-1775741"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"06","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0043-1775741","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1089-7860","1098-898X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1089-7860","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-898X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]}}}