{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T18:50:37Z","timestamp":1783536637965,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Objective\u2003Streptococcus mutans, the main causative agent of caries, have the ability to form biofilms on the surface of teeth. The availability of nutrients such as glucose, lactose, soy protein, and iron can influence S. mutans in biofilm formation. All four sources of nutrients have been shown to increase the formation of S. mutans biofilms. The purpose of this study was to determine the structure and thickness of S. mutans biofilms induced by glucose, lactose, soy protein, and iron.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Materials and Methods\u2003This experimental laboratory study aimed to examine the formation of biofilm structures (chemical elements) and determine the thickness of S. mutans biofilms induced by glucose, lactose, soy protein, and iron. The structures (chemical elements) were examined using scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to determine the thickness of S. mutans biofilms with an Olympus FV1000 microscope, and the findings were analyzed using Olympus Fluoview Ver. 4.2a software.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003It was established that the results of SEM-EDX examination of the structure of S. mutans biofilms induced by glucose had oxygen (O) as the dominant chemical element (30.24 w%); lactose reported oxygen (O) as the dominant element (29.65 w%); soy protein had carbon (C) as the dominant element (34.31 w%); and iron showed oxygen (O) as the dominant element (32.51 w%). The thickness (measured by the CLSM examination) of biofilms induced by glucose, lactose, soy protein, and iron were 17,666, 12,666, 18,000, and 15,666\u2009nm, respectively.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003The structure of S. mutans biofilms induced by glucose, lactose, and iron contain the following elements in amounts from the highest to lowest: O, C, N, P, and S; the biofilm produced by S. mutans induced by soy protein in amounts from the highest to lowest comprised the elements: C, O, N, S, and P. The S. mutans biofilms induced by soy protein had the maximum thickness, followed by those induced by glucose, iron, and lactose.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1776121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T22:31:27Z","timestamp":1711924287000},"page":"834-840","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Examination of the Structure and Formation Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Induced by Glucose, Lactose, Soy Protein, and Iron"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Indah Listiana","family":"Kriswandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5518-3372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hendrik Setia","family":"Budi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Dental Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuadia Mumaiyyiah","family":"Justitia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Dental Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Its composition, formation and role in human infections","volume":"4","author":"J Muhsin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2021.1962802","article-title":"Water in bacterial biofilms: pores and channels, storage and transport functions","volume":"48","author":"K Quan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910608501002","article-title":"The role of sucrose in cariogenic dental biofilm formation\u2013new insight","volume":"85","author":"A F Paes Leme","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01649-09","article-title":"Exopolysaccharides produced by Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferases modulate the establishment of microcolonies within multispecies biofilms","volume":"192","author":"H Koo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2016.05.005","article-title":"Dynamic cell-matrix interactions modulate microbial biofilm and tissue 3D microenvironments","volume":"42","author":"H Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref6","first-page":"e180212","article-title":"What are the advantages of living in a community? 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