{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T10:44:23Z","timestamp":1774003463616,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arq Neuropsiquiatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Background\u2003Hereditary or familial spastic paraplegias (SPG) comprise a group of genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of the corticospinal tracts. The complicated forms evolve with other various neurological signs and symptoms, including movement disorders and ataxia.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Objective\u2003To summarize the clinical descriptions of SPG that manifest with movement disorders or ataxias to assist the clinician in the task of diagnosing these diseases.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003We conducted a narrative review of the literature, including case reports, case series, review articles and observational studies published in English until December 2022.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003Juvenile or early-onset parkinsonism with variable levodopa-responsiveness have been reported, mainly in SPG7 and SPG11. Dystonia can be observed in patients with SPG7, SPG11, SPG22, SPG26, SPG35, SPG48, SPG49, SPG58, SPG64 and SPG76. Tremor is not a frequent finding in patients with SPG, but it is described in different types of SPG, including SPG7, SPG9, SPG11, SPG15, and SPG76. Myoclonus is rarely described in SPG, affecting patients with SPG4, SPG7, SPG35, SPG48, and SPOAN (spastic paraplegia, optic atrophy, and neuropathy). SPG4, SPG6, SPG10, SPG27, SPG30 and SPG31 may rarely present with ataxia with cerebellar atrophy. And autosomal recessive SPG such as SPG7 and SPG11 can also present with ataxia.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003Patients with SPG may present with different forms of movement disorders such as parkinsonism, dystonia, tremor, myoclonus and ataxia. The specific movement disorder in the clinical manifestation of a patient with SPG may be a clinical clue for the diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1777005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T23:51:36Z","timestamp":1701388296000},"page":"1000-1007","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Movement disorders in hereditary spastic paraplegias"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1672-8894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Luiz","family":"Pedroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Sa\u0303o Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia, Sa\u0303o Paulo SP, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6145-9868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago Cardoso","family":"Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio, Departamento de Cl\u00ednica M\u00e9dica, Servi\u00e7o de Neurologia, Juiz de Fora MG, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7119-3423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian Let\u00edcia de","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Sa\u0303o Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia, Sa\u0303o Paulo SP, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4780-7672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe Miranda Milagres","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Departamento de Neuroci\u00eancias Comportamental, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto SP, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6685-7491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex Tiburtino","family":"Meira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal da Para\u00edba, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Servic\u0327o de Neurologia, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa PB, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9186-9243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Braga","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1, Departamento de Medicina Cl\u00ednica, Divis\u00e3o de Neurologia, Fortaleza CE, Brazil."},{"name":"Universidade Estadual do Cear\u00e1, Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Fortaleza CE, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0898-2419","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Junior","given":"Marcondes C.","family":"Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Departamento de Neurologia, Campinas SP, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2402-2709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Tumas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Departamento de Neuroci\u00eancias Comportamental, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto SP, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2305-1073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9lio A. 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