{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T09:37:09Z","timestamp":1778319429721,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":211,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":144,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Reprod Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The dynamic interplay between the immunome and microbiome in reproductive health is a complex and rapidly advancing research field, holding tremendously vast possibilities for the development of reproductive medicine. This immunome\u2013microbiome relationship influences the innate and adaptive immune responses, thereby affecting the onset and progression of reproductive disorders. However, the mechanisms governing these interactions remain elusive and require innovative approaches to gather more understanding. This comprehensive review examines the current knowledge on reproductive microbiomes across various parts of female reproductive tract, with special consideration of bidirectional interactions between microbiomes and the immune system. Additionally, it explores innate and adaptive immunity, focusing on immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgM antibodies, their regulation, self-antigen tolerance mechanisms, and their roles in immune homeostasis. This review also highlights ongoing technological innovations in microbiota research, emphasizing the need for standardized detection and analysis methods. For instance, we evaluate the clinical utility of innovative technologies such as Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing (PhIP-Seq) and Microbial Flow Cytometry coupled to Next-Generation Sequencing (mFLOW-Seq). Despite ongoing advancements, we emphasize the need for further exploration in this field, as a deeper understanding of immunome\u2013microbiome interactions holds promise for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for reproductive health, like infertility treatment and management of pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1778017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T23:49:06Z","timestamp":1706053746000},"page":"172-189","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Exploring Immunome and Microbiome Interplay in Reproductive Health: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Novel Diagnostic Tools"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Prakash","family":"Lingasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijayachitra","family":"Modhukur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reet","family":"M\u00e4ndar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Salumets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"01","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENG.2017.01.008","article-title":"The human microbiota in health and disease","volume":"3","author":"B Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002533","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002533","article-title":"Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body","volume":"14","author":"R Sender","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R142","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr353","article-title":"The human metagenome: our other genome?","volume":"20","author":"T Br\u00fcls","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3299-2","article-title":"Abnormal vaginal microbiome is associated with severity of localized provoked vulvodynia. 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