{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T21:50:31Z","timestamp":1793829031120,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]],"date-time":"2024-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Indian J Radiol Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Skeletal radiographs along with dental examination are frequently used for age estimation in medicolegal cases where documentary evidence pertaining to age is not available. Wrist and hand radiographs are the most common skeletal radiograph considered for age estimation. Other parts imaged are elbow, shoulder, knee, and hip according to suspected age categories. Age estimation by wrist radiographs is usually done by the Tanner-Whitehouse method where the maturity level of each bone is categorized into stages and a final total score is calculated that is then transformed into the bone age. Careful assessment and interpretation at multiple joints are needed to minimize the error and categorize into age-group. In this article, we aimed to summarize a suitable radiographic examination and interpretation for bone age estimation in living children, adolescents, young adults, and adults for medicolegal purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1778651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]],"date-time":"2024-01-27T23:30:17Z","timestamp":1706398217000},"page":"496-510","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Demystifying the Radiography of Age Estimation in Criminal Jurisprudence: A Pictorial Review"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Vritika","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4676-288X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ishan","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Aggarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pramod Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3125-1817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram C.","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4443-7637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashish","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Parikh's Textbook of Medical Jurisprudence, Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, for Classrooms and Courtrooms","author":"C K Parikh","year":"2007","edition":"6th ed."},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"272","volume-title":"Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist","author":"W W Greulich","year":"1959"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Assessment of Skeletal Maturity and Prediction of Adult Height (TW2 method)","author":"J M Tanner","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)90000-7","article-title":"Tanner-Whitehouse bone age reference values for North American children","volume":"131","author":"J Tanner","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.05.016","article-title":"Age estimation","volume":"165","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2007","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s004149900102","article-title":"Effects of ethnicity on skeletal maturation: consequences for forensic age estimations","volume":"113","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"167","key":"ref7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Skeletal maturity of youths 12\u201317 years racial, geographic area, and socioeconomic differentials. United States, 1966-1970","author":"A F Roche","year":"1978","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 11"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"32","volume-title":"A Textbook of Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology","author":"R Modi","year":"1940"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.02.030","article-title":"Skeletal age estimation for forensic purposes: a comparison of GP, TW2 and TW3 methods on an Italian sample","volume":"238","author":"V Pinchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"61","volume-title":"The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology","author":"K SN Reddy","year":"2013"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_826_20","article-title":"Comparison of bone age assessments by Gruelich-Pyle, Gilsanz-Ratib, and Tanner Whitehouse methods in healthy Indian children","volume":"25","author":"N Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s41935-023-00359-w","article-title":"Correlation of skeletal age by Greulich-Pyle atlas, physiological age by body development index, and dental age by London Atlas and modified Demirjian's technique in children and adolescents of an Eastern Indian population","volume":"13","author":"C K Behera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"Assessment of Skeletal Maturity and Prediction of Adult Height (TW3 method)","author":"J M Tanner","year":"2001","edition":"3rd edition"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Hand Bone Age: A Digital Atlas of Skeletal Maturity","author":"V Gilsanz","year":"2011"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e214","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2381","article-title":"Comprehensive health evaluation of the newly adopted child","volume":"129","author":"V F Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"Convention on the Rights of the Child","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref18","author":"Committee on the Rights of the Child","year":"2007"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10130","article-title":"Age estimation from the auricular surface of the ilium: a revised method","volume":"119","author":"J L Buckberry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-012-2371-y","article-title":"In brief: The Risser classification: a classic tool for the clinician treating adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"470","author":"J H Hacquebord","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"Rockwood and Wilkins' Fractures in Children","author":"C Rockwood","year":"2005","edition":"6th edition"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.12.3.1609139","article-title":"Pediatric pelvis: radiographic appearance in various congenital disorders","volume":"12","author":"G F Eich","year":"1992","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2015140254","article-title":"Normal skeletal maturation and imaging pitfalls in the pediatric shoulder","volume":"35","author":"J S Zember","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref30","volume-title":"Developmental Juvenile Osteology","author":"C Cunningham","year":"2000"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-010-0448-2","article-title":"Enhanced possibilities to make statements on the ossification status of the medial clavicular epiphysis using an amplified staging scheme in evaluating thin-slice CT scans","volume":"124","author":"M Kellinghaus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"156","volume-title":"Mukherjee's Forensic Medicine and Toxicology","author":"J B Mukherjee","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.06.002","article-title":"Time of closure of cranial sutures in northwest Indian adults","volume":"148","author":"D Sahni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4103\/jfo.jfds_15_18","article-title":"Dental age estimation in India: do we have a role beyond publishing scientific evidences?","volume":"10","author":"J Jayaraman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Forensic Dent Sci"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref36","first-page":"211","article-title":"A new system of dental age assessment","volume":"45","author":"A Demirjian","year":"1973","journal-title":"Hum Biol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref37","first-page":"8","article-title":"Who is a child?","author":"A Bajpai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cent Commun Dev Stud."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.09.014","article-title":"Forensic age estimation of living individuals: a retrospective analysis","volume":"193","author":"V Santoro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref39","first-page":"17","article-title":"Assessment of measurement of children's bone age ultrasonically with sunlight bon age","volume":"14","author":"N Shimura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.08.018","article-title":"Application of ultrasound for bone age estimation in clinical practice","volume":"154","author":"K M Khan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.1994.7.2.141","article-title":"Automatic bone age measurement using computerized image analysis","volume":"7","author":"J M Tanner","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13429.x","article-title":"Assessment of bone ages by the Tanner-Whitehouse method using a computer-aided system","volume":"406","author":"N M Drayer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Suppl"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1159\/000184211","article-title":"Reliability and validity of computer-assisted estimates of Tanner-Whitehouse skeletal maturity (CASAS): comparison with the manual method","volume":"42","author":"J M Tanner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01405306","article-title":"Computer-aided estimation of skeletal age and comparison with bone age evaluations by the method of Greulich-Pyle and Tanner-Whitehouse","volume":"26","author":"H Frisch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-008-0254-2","article-title":"Criteria for age estimation in living individuals","volume":"122","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24439","article-title":"Skeletal age assessment in children using an open compact MRI system","volume":"69","author":"Y Terada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.2013-0098","article-title":"Improved reliability in skeletal age assessment using a pediatric hand MR scanner with a 0.3T permanent magnet","volume":"13","author":"Y Terada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med Sci"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12082762","article-title":"Texture analysis for the bone age assessment from MRI images of adolescent wrists in boys","volume":"12","author":"R Obuchowicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-007-0160-z","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of the clavicular ossification","volume":"121","author":"S Schmidt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-010-1978-1","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of the medial extremity of the clavicle in forensic bone age determination: a new four-minute approach","volume":"21","author":"E Hillewig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-020-04709-x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging for forensic age estimation in living children and young adults: a systematic review","volume":"50","author":"J De Tobel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-021-02661-5","article-title":"Ultrasound in legal medicine-a missed opportunity or simply too late? A narrative review of ultrasonic applications in forensic contexts","volume":"135","author":"D M\u00f6bius","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-07343-1","article-title":"Forensic age assessment of the knee: proposal of a new classification system using two-dimensional ultrasound volumes and comparison to MRI","volume":"31","author":"J Herrmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-021-02505-2","article-title":"Forensic age estimation based on fast spin-echo proton density (FSE PD)-weighted MRI of the distal radial epiphysis","volume":"135","author":"O Ekizoglu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-016-1362-z","article-title":"Contribution of magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist and hand to forensic age assessment","volume":"130","author":"J Serin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000634","article-title":"Applicability of magnetic resonance imaging of the knee in forensic age estimation","volume":"42","author":"B Uygun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5041","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-4880-2","article-title":"Forensic age estimation by magnetic resonance imaging of the knee: the definite relevance in bony fusion of the distal femoral- and the proximal tibial epiphyses using closest-to-bone T1 TSE sequence","volume":"27","author":"C Ottow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.12.006","article-title":"Forensic age estimation via 3-T magnetic resonance imaging of ossification of the proximal tibial and distal femoral epiphyses: use of a T2-weighted fast spin-echo technique","volume":"260","author":"O Ekizoglu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-5281-2","article-title":"Forensic age assessment by 3.0T MRI of the knee: proposal of a new MRI classification of ossification stages","volume":"28","author":"V Vieth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.11.013","article-title":"Age assessment by magnetic resonance imaging of the knee: a preliminary study","volume":"217","author":"F Dedouit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-013-0844-5","article-title":"Age estimation by magnetic resonance imaging of the distal tibial epiphysis and the calcaneum","volume":"127","author":"P Saint-Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-020-02364-3","article-title":"Age estimation based on magnetic resonance imaging of the ankle joint in a modern Chinese Han population","volume":"134","author":"T Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-015-1187-1","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of distal tibia and calcaneus for forensic age estimation in living individuals","volume":"129","author":"O Ekizoglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2022.102185","article-title":"The fusion of ossification centers - a comparative review of radiographic and other imaging modalities of age assessment in living groups of children, adolescents, and young adults","volume":"61","author":"O Lopatin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Leg Med (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11072046","article-title":"Improving the age estimation efficiency by calculation of the area ratio index using semi-automatic segmentation of knee MRI images","volume":"11","author":"T Matija\u0161","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2020.0941","article-title":"Automated bone age assessment using artificial intelligence: the future of bone age assessment","volume":"22","author":"B D Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-019-0139-9","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in bone age assessment: accuracy and efficiency of a novel fully automated algorithm compared to the Greulich-Pyle method","volume":"4","author":"C Booz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Radiol Exp"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.17.18224","article-title":"Computerized bone age estimation using deep learning based program: evaluation of the accuracy and efficiency","volume":"209","author":"J R Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33346","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2903131","article-title":"TW3-based fully automated bone age assessment system using deep neural networks","volume":"7","author":"S J Son","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2019.04.005","article-title":"Incorporated region detection and classification using deep convolutional networks for bone age assessment","volume":"97","author":"T D Bui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artif Intell Med"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2023.04.003","article-title":"High performance for bone age estimation with an artificial intelligence solution","volume":"104","author":"T Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Imaging"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0043-1778651.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T12:30:34Z","timestamp":1730809834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0043-1778651"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0043-1778651","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0971-3026","1998-3808"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0971-3026","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3808","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]]}}}