{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T10:33:52Z","timestamp":1784802832292,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Homeopathy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Background\u2003Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common type of cancer among hematological malignancies and is difficult to treat. Although controversial in nature, homeopathy's effects have been tested on a wide range of cancer cell types in vitro, as well as clinically. However, homeopathic medicines have yet to be tested in MM cells. In this preliminary study, we investigated the effects of Arsenicum album, Hecla lava, Carcinosinum and Carboneum sulphuratum 200C on a human MM cell line.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003The RPMI-8226 MM cell line was cultured in vitro for up to 96\u2009hours and treated with each of four homeopathic preparations. The spectrophotometric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometric Annexin V-PE\/7-actinomycin D (7-AAD) and propidium iodide (PI) staining were each used to examine cell viability, apoptosis and cell cycle, respectively.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003The MTT assay showed that all four homeopathic preparations reduced cell viability over time when compared to the control group cells, especially at 72 and 96\u2009hours whereby only 50% of cells remained viable. Similarly, after 96\u2009hours of treatment, the proportion of viable cells was significantly decreased and the proportion of early apoptotic (Annexin-V-PE\u2009+\/7AAD-) cells was significantly increased for all four homeopathic preparations. Based on the PI-staining cell cycle data, cells treated with Hecla lava and Carboneum sulphuratum showed a statistically significant accumulation in the sub-G0\/G1 phase of the cell cycle (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003This is the first study to demonstrate that each of four homeopathic medicines causes apoptosis in a MM cell line. Further exploration of the potential of Arsenicum album, Hecla lava, Carcinosinum and Carboneum sulphuratum as a complementary therapeutic option in MM is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1786035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T23:13:00Z","timestamp":1719443580000},"page":"044-049","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ultradiluted Homeopathic Medicines Cause Apoptosis in RPMI-8226 Multiple Myeloma Cells in vitro: a Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8852-6626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Buket","family":"Altinok Gunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vocational School of Health Services, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1377-2021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murat","family":"Kilic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vocational School of Health Services, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1431-2385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tulin","family":"Ozkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5338-885X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurbanu","family":"Gonulkirmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2610-8725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurcihan","family":"Guven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7693-0958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asuman","family":"Sunguroglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2018.09.001","article-title":"Drug resistance in multiple myeloma","volume":"70","author":"P Robak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.homp.2013.06.001","article-title":"Anti-proliferative effects of homeopathic medicines on human kidney, colon and breast cancer cells","volume":"102","author":"S Arora","year":"2013","journal-title":"Homeopathy"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24236","article-title":"Myeloma today: disease definitions and treatment advances","volume":"91","author":"S V Rajkumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"S7","article-title":"Cancer treatment: is there a role for homeopathy?","volume":"5","author":"P R Saunders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Planta Med Int Open"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3831\/KPI.2014.17.008","article-title":"Relative apoptosis-inducing potential of homeopathic Condurango 6C and 30C in H460 lung cancer cells in vitro","volume":"17","author":"S Sikdar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pharmacopuncture"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"CD004845","article-title":"Homeopathic medicines for adverse effects of cancer treatments","volume":"2009","author":"S Kassab","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735406294225","article-title":"Can homeopathic treatment slow prostate cancer growth?","volume":"5","author":"W B Jonas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Integr Cancer Ther"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"98","article-title":"Inhibition of chemically induced carcinogenesis by drugs used in homeopathic medicine","volume":"8","author":"K BH Kumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"390","article-title":"Effect of homeopathic medicines on transplanted tumors in mice","volume":"8","author":"S Es","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735406295350","article-title":"Effects of homeopathic preparations on human prostate cancer growth in cellular and animal models","volume":"5","author":"B W MacLaughlin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Integr Cancer Ther"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"148","article-title":"Supportive evidence for the anticancerous potential of alternative medicine against hepatocarcinogenesis in mice","volume":"14","author":"S Pathak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Forsch Komplement Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-005-9065-7","article-title":"Protective potentials of a potentized homeopathic drug, Lycopodium-30, in ameliorating azo dye induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice","volume":"285","author":"S Pathak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2005.09.025","article-title":"Efficacy of homeopathic therapy in cancer treatment","volume":"42","author":"S Milazzo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"17","article-title":"C\u00e1ncer de p\u00e1ncreas, diagn\u00f3stico y tratamiento paliativo con terapia homeop\u00e1tica","volume":"7","author":"M Alonso-Ju\u00e1reza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Med Homeopat"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1054\/homp.1999.0328","article-title":"Efficacy of homeopathic treatment of skin reactions during radiotherapy for breast cancer: a randomised, double-blind clinical trial","volume":"89","author":"A Balzarini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br Homeopath J"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67177-2","article-title":"Are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects? Comparative study of placebo-controlled trials of homoeopathy and allopathy","volume":"366","author":"A Shang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"395","article-title":"Cytotoxic effects of ultra-diluted remedies on breast cancer cells","volume":"36","author":"M Frenkel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.homp.2014.10.001","article-title":"DNA fragmentation and cell cycle arrest: a hallmark of apoptosis induced by Ruta graveolens in human colon cancer cells","volume":"104","author":"S Arora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Homeopathy"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1755364","article-title":"Arsenicum album induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and inhibits epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition in hormone-dependent MCF7 breast cancer cells","volume":"112","author":"N Basu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Homeopathy"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revhom.2020.07.001","article-title":"How to prescribe Thuja occidentalis in oncology? Analysis of the literature, study of practices and personal experience","volume":"11","author":"J L Bagot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Homeopath"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2021.106523","article-title":"Assessment of azithromycin as an anticancer agent for treatment of imatinib sensitive and resistant CML cells","volume":"102","author":"T Ozkan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leuk Res"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1188","article-title":"Cannabinoids: potential anticancer agents","volume":"3","author":"M Guzm\u00e1n","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/neh065","article-title":"Thuja occidentalis (Arbor vitae): a review of its pharmaceutical, pharmacological and clinical properties","volume":"2","author":"B Naser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1359305","article-title":"Loss of splicing factor ASF\/SF2 induces G2 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, but inhibits internucleosomal DNA fragmentation","volume":"19","author":"X Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genes Dev"}],"container-title":["Homeopathy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0044-1786035.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T23:35:54Z","timestamp":1738020954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0044-1786035"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0044-1786035","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-4916","1476-4245"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-4916","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4245","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]}}}