{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T08:56:45Z","timestamp":1773219405604,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]],"date-time":"2024-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Introduction\u2003Olfactory dysfunction (OD) has emerged as a notable symptom among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, with its prevalence varying among different populations. Recognizing the need to provide therapeutic solutions for these individuals, the present study seeks to comprehensively review the current evidence on potential underlying mechanisms and treatment modalities to manage OD in COVID-19 patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Objective\u2003To review the recent evidence on treatments for OD in COVID-19. From the beginning of the study until August 2nd, 2023, we conducted a systematic search on four electronic databases, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science, to find relevant publications.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Data Synthesis\u2003In the present study, 37 articles were selected for data extraction and included in the final review. The total number of patients was of 3,560 (2,098 female and 1,462 male subjects). The predominant disorders reported were hyposmia, anosmia, and parosmia. In most of the studies, the pre and postintervention assessments were the same, except for one study, in which the pre-intervention assessment of the disorder was through the SST, Sniffin' Sticks Test (SST), and the post-intervention assessment was through the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22). The findings suggest olfactory training (OT), ivermectin, palmitoylethanolamide, luteolin, and systemic corticosteroids, in combination with topical corticosteroids, are potential therapies for COVID-19 patients with olfactory impairment.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003Although the review suggested several medications for OD treatment, further research must delve into the specific impact of OT, a non-pharmacological modality, regarding the mitigation of OD. By continuing to investigate and refine these therapeutic approaches, we can better support COVID-19 patients and improve their quality of life while navigating the challenges posed by OD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1786046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]],"date-time":"2024-05-25T22:30:20Z","timestamp":1716676220000},"page":"e728-e743","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Treatments for Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID-19: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4108-2973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esmaeil","family":"Mehraeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Information Technology, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soudabeh","family":"Yarmohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trauma Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pegah","family":"Mirzapour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian Research Center for HIV\/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyed Saeed Tamehri","family":"Zadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soheil","family":"Dehghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Molaeipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayoob","family":"Molla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elaheh","family":"Karimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faeze","family":"Abbaspour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 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European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology: official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS): affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology -","volume":"277","author":"A Marinosci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00406","article-title":"Anosmia in COVID-19: A Bumpy Road to Establishing a Cellular Mechanism","volume":"11","author":"K Bilinska","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2020.1379","article-title":"Evolution of Altered Sense of Smell or Taste in Patients With Mildly Symptomatic COVID-19","volume":"146","author":"P Boscolo-Rizzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref38","first-page":"21","article-title":"Efficacy of corticosteroid therapy 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