{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:46:47Z","timestamp":1790419607925,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Growth and maturation occur in a predictable pattern throughout the body and within each individual bone. In the appendicular skeleton, endochondral ossification predominates in long bones and growth plates. The ends of these long bones are sites of relative weakness in the immature skeleton and prone to injury from acute insult and overuse. We present the normal histoanatomy and physiology of the growth plate complex, highlighting the unique contribution of each component and shared similarities between primary and secondary complexes. Components of the growth plate complex include the physis proper, subjacent vascularity within the growth cartilage, and the ossification front. The second section describes imaging considerations and features of normal and abnormal growth. Finally, we review the Salter-Harris classification for acute fractures and offer examples of characteristic overuse injury patterns involving the epiphyseal (proximal humerus and distal radius), apophyseal (medial epicondyle and tibial tubercle), and secondary growth plate complexes (medial femoral condyle and capitellar osteochondritis dissecans). This article provides a foundation and basic framework to better understand and anticipate potential complications and growth disturbances and to ensure optimal follow-up and early intervention when treatment can be less invasive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1786151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T23:03:20Z","timestamp":1722294200000},"page":"361-374","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Immature Pediatric Appendicular Skeleton"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Jie C.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Caine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, Kinesiology and Public Health Education, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"03","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-003-0735-9","article-title":"The acrophysis: a unifying concept for understanding enchondral bone growth and its disorders. II. Abnormal growth","volume":"33","author":"A E Oestreich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2501071322","article-title":"MR imaging insights into skeletal maturation: what is normal?","volume":"250","author":"T Laor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)31561-3","article-title":"Growth plate physiology and pathology","volume":"21","author":"J P Iannotti","year":"1990","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)31257-8","article-title":"The growth plate","volume":"15","author":"C T Brighton","year":"1984","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200201000-00013","article-title":"Structural stages in the development of the long bones and epiphyses: a study in the New Zealand white rabbit","volume":"84","author":"R Rivas","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2017170029","article-title":"Imaging of pediatric growth plate disturbances","volume":"37","author":"J C Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2010.081984","article-title":"Osteoarthritis as an outcome of paediatric sport: an epidemiological perspective","volume":"45","author":"D J Caine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01648-5","article-title":"Inconsistencies and imprecision in the nomenclature used to describe primary periphyseal stress injuries: towards a better understanding","volume":"52","author":"D Caine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2008.02.004","article-title":"Structure, formation and role of cartilage canals in the developing bone","volume":"190","author":"M J Blumer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Anat"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(00)00357-4","article-title":"Quantitative histomorphometric analysis of the human growth plate from birth to adolescence","volume":"27","author":"S Byers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2017160137","article-title":"US evaluation of juvenile idiopathic arthritis and osteoarticular infection","volume":"37","author":"J C Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00347197","article-title":"Injury to the growth mechanisms of the immature skeleton","volume":"6","author":"J A Ogden","year":"1981","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-012-2454-7","article-title":"The trochlear pre-ossification center: a normal developmental stage and potential pitfall on MR images","volume":"42","author":"C Jaimes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.005","article-title":"MR imaging of the shoulder in youth baseball players: anatomy, pathophysiology, and treatment","volume":"57","author":"J T Aoyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Imaging"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ro.2021.05.007","article-title":"Pediatric elbow: development, common pathologies, and imaging considerations","volume":"56","author":"H Tomsan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Roentgenol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.178.4.1780967","article-title":"Patterns of premature physeal arrest: MR imaging of 111 children","volume":"178","author":"K Ecklund","year":"2002","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.180.3.1871298","article-title":"Epiphyseal marrow in infancy: MR imaging","volume":"180","author":"D Jaramillo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.215.2.r00ap50504","article-title":"Cartilaginous path of physeal fracture-separations: evaluation with MR imaging\u2014an experimental study with histologic correlation in rabbits","volume":"215","author":"D Jaramillo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.191.2.8153295","article-title":"Imaging of epiphyseal injuries","volume":"191","author":"L F Rogers","year":"1994","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S1064-9689(21)00232-4","article-title":"Growth cartilage: normal appearance, variants and abnormalities","volume":"6","author":"D Jaramillo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W450","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.7280","article-title":"MRI of pediatric patients: Part 1, normal and abnormal cartilage","volume":"198","author":"M M Thapa","year":"2012","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.199.3.8637987","article-title":"MR imaging of physeal bars","volume":"199","author":"J J Borsa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-004-2319-z","article-title":"Three-dimensional MR imaging in the assessment of physeal growth arrest","volume":"14","author":"F Sailhan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199407000-00021","article-title":"Early MR imaging of lower-extremity physeal fracture-separations: a preliminary report","volume":"14","author":"B G Smith","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"272","key":"ref25","first-page":"242","article-title":"Premature partial physeal arrest. Diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging in two cases","author":"G T Gabel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.155.6.2122677","article-title":"MR imaging of fractures of the growth plate","volume":"155","author":"D Jaramillo","year":"1990","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-001-0572-8","article-title":"MRI in the assessment of growth arrest","volume":"32","author":"M Lohman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.6243","article-title":"Focal periphyseal edema (FOPE) zone on MRI of the adolescent knee: a potentially painful manifestation of physiologic physeal fusion?","volume":"197","author":"A M Zbojniewicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2016160056","article-title":"MR imaging of pediatric bone marrow","volume":"36","author":"B Y Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1966.03100200047015","article-title":"The epiphyses and the childhood athlete","volume":"196","author":"R L Larson","year":"1966","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.017822","article-title":"Physeal injuries in children's and youth sports: reasons for concern?","volume":"40","author":"D Caine","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"381","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200012000-00025","article-title":"Why is the adolescent joint particularly susceptible to osteochondral shear fracture?","author":"R Flachsmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198971080-00016","article-title":"Epidemiology of fractures of the distal end of the radius in children as associated with growth","volume":"71","author":"D A Bailey","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-018-3130-2","article-title":"Maturation-dependent findings in the shoulders of pediatric baseball players on magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"48","author":"J C Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00347411","article-title":"Effect of growth rate on the strength of the growth plate-shaft junction","volume":"1","author":"C J Alexander","year":"1976","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"9","article-title":"Secondary ossification center induces and protects growth plate structure","volume":"9","author":"M Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093299","article-title":"Overuse injuries and burnout in youth sports: a position statement from the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine","volume":"48","author":"J P DiFiori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.42B3.571","article-title":"The vascular contribution to osteogenesis. III. Changes in the growth cartilage caused by experimentally induced ischaemia","volume":"42-B","author":"J Trueta","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.04.1606","article-title":"Physeal widening in the knee due to stress injury in child athletes","volume":"186","author":"T Laor","year":"2006","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1007\/s002470050206","article-title":"Local physeal widening on MR imaging: an incidental finding suggesting prior metaphyseal insult","volume":"27","author":"T Laor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01511-z","article-title":"Primary periphyseal stress injuries in young athletes: a systematic review","volume":"52","author":"D Caine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196345010-00001","article-title":"Growth and predictions of growth in the lower extremities","volume":"45-A","author":"M Anderson","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199412000-00016","article-title":"Fractures about the knee in children","volume":"76","author":"J H Beaty","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1609013","article-title":"Orthopaedic fixation devices used in children: a radiologist's guide","volume":"22","author":"H Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505275347","article-title":"Biomechanics of the shoulder in youth baseball pitchers: implications for the development of proximal humeral epiphysiolysis and humeral retrotorsion","volume":"33","author":"M B Sabick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516632744","article-title":"Trends in the presentation, management, and outcomes of Little League shoulder","volume":"44","author":"B E Heyworth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017170481","article-title":"Shoulder injuries in the overhead-throwing athlete: epidemiology, mechanisms of injury, and imaging findings","volume":"286","author":"D J Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-198901000-00005","article-title":"Wrist pain and distal growth plate closure of the radius in gymnasts","volume":"9","author":"S A Albanese","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659202000310","article-title":"Stress changes of the distal radial growth plate. A radiographic survey and review of the literature","volume":"20","author":"D Caine","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.187.1.8451408","article-title":"Indirect trauma to the growth plate: results of MR imaging after epiphyseal and metaphyseal injury in rabbits","volume":"187","author":"D Jaramillo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(88)90192-X","article-title":"Acquired Madelung-like deformity in a gymnast","volume":"13","author":"M I Vender","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659702500607","article-title":"Distal radial growth plate injury and positive ulnar variance in nonelite gymnasts","volume":"25","author":"J P DiFiori","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldw041","article-title":"Apophyseal injuries in children's and youth sports","volume":"120","author":"U G Longo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"ref55","volume-title":"Medial Epicondyle Apophysitis (Little League Elbow)","author":"C Hodge"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/0095399703258674","article-title":"A clinical and roentgenographic study of Little League elbow","volume":"32","author":"D W Hang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2018.03.005","article-title":"Pediatric elbow injuries","volume":"39","author":"H H Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Ultrasound CT MR"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-984412","article-title":"Pediatric elbow trauma: an orthopaedic perspective on the importance of radiographic interpretation","volume":"11","author":"S M Jacoby","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0186","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.19.00186","article-title":"Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of tibial tubercle avulsion fractures in adolescents","volume":"8","author":"W W Cole III","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBJS Rev"},{"key":"ref60","volume-title":"Tibial Tubercle Avulsion","author":"R L Kushner","year":"2023"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000488","article-title":"Outcomes and complications of tibial tubercle fractures in pediatric patients: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"36","author":"J Pretell-Mazzini","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-023-07322-1","article-title":"Tibial tubercle fractures are sports injuries in male adolescents with a considerable risk of complications and reoperations: a systematic review","volume":"31","author":"G Kalifis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000842","article-title":"Osgood-Schlatter disease: a 2020 update of a common knee condition in children","volume":"32","author":"H N Ladenhauf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.11.8085","article-title":"Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans: is it a growth disturbance of the secondary physis of the epiphysis?","volume":"199","author":"T Laor","year":"2012","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200602000-00004","article-title":"Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee","volume":"14","author":"D C Crawford","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2014.5140","article-title":"Management strategies for osteochondritis dissecans of the knee in the skeletally immature athlete","volume":"44","author":"E A Eismann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513496049","article-title":"Healing predictors of stable juvenile osteochondritis dissecans knee lesions after 6 and 12 months of nonoperative treatment","volume":"41","author":"M Krause","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-003-0876-y","article-title":"Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans: a 5-year review of the natural history using clinical and MRI evaluation","volume":"33","author":"J A Hughes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e31823d8312","article-title":"Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: predictors of lesion stability","volume":"32","author":"W P Samora","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2018171995","article-title":"Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans: cartilage T2 mapping of stable medial femoral condyle lesions","volume":"288","author":"J C Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.84B2.0840258","article-title":"Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee in children. A comparison of MRI and arthroscopic findings","volume":"84","author":"M A O'Connor","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2482071234","article-title":"Juvenile versus adult osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: appropriate MR imaging criteria for instability","volume":"248","author":"R Kijowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516637175","article-title":"Novel arthroscopic classification of osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: a multicenter reliability study","volume":"44","author":"J L Carey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/18632521221149063","article-title":"Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: epidemiology, etiology, and natural history","volume":"17","author":"M Turati","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Child Orthop"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-019-09528-8","article-title":"Osteochondritis dissecans lesions of the capitellum in overhead athletes: a review of current evidence and proposed treatment algorithm","volume":"12","author":"A L Logli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967117692513","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967117692513","article-title":"Osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral capitellum in young athletes: comparison between baseball players and gymnasts","volume":"5","author":"S Kajiyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016160071","article-title":"Insights into the epiphyseal cartilage origin and subsequent osseous manifestation of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans with a modified clinical MR imaging protocol: a pilot study","volume":"282","author":"J Ellermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509346542","article-title":"Histologic findings and possible causes of osteochondritis dissecans of the knee","volume":"37","author":"H Uozumi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.20.01399","article-title":"Osteochondritis dissecans: current understanding of epidemiology, etiology, management, and outcomes","volume":"103","author":"M M Chau","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2017.12.023","article-title":"Variation in stress distribution patterns across the radial head fovea in osteochondritis dissecans: predictive factors in radiographic findings","volume":"27","author":"Y Matsui","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658401200503","article-title":"Osteochondrosis of the humeral capitellum","volume":"12","author":"K M Singer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.19.21855","article-title":"Osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow in children: MRI findings of instability","volume":"213","author":"J C Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0044-1786151.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T13:02:44Z","timestamp":1730811764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0044-1786151"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0044-1786151","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1089-7860","1098-898X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1089-7860","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-898X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]}}}