{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:01:35Z","timestamp":1790791295606,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Wrist Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Purpose\u2003Operative treatment of triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) tears has been well researched; however, data regarding nonoperative management is mixed and scarce. Our review aimed to utilize available data to formulate conclusions regarding treatment algorithms for this heterogeneous injury group.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003A thorough literature review was performed in Medline (OVID), Embase, Cochrane Library, and PubMed databases with search terms including \u201ctriangular fibrocartilage complex\u201d and variations on the full term including \u201ctriangular fibrocartilage\u201d or \u201cTFCC,\u201d alongside \u201cnon-operative\u201d and \u201cconservative.\u201d Results were then subject to inclusion criteria, ultimately identifying eight studies.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003The studies involved a total of 425 patients and 427 wrists for analysis. The mean age ranged from 30.7 years to 60.4 years. 53.6% of patients were male. The mean follow-up ranged from 12 months to 7 years, with an overall mean follow-up period of 27 months. Primary endpoints focused on various functional outcome scores, range of motion, grip strength, and pain. The nonoperative management of TFCC tears resulted in noninferior and comparable outcomes to operative management.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003Our review identified that the nonoperative management of Palmer-type IB tears with a short period of above-elbow immobilization was an effective treatment option with good functional outcome scores. The nonoperative management of general TFCC tears resulted in comparable functional outcomes when viewed alongside results from other systematic reviews. Risk factors for developing a poor functional outcome or requiring operative management included distal radioulnar joint subluxation, short-arm immobilization, and full tears of the foveal attachment. However, further randomized controlled trials with homogenous data collection are required to make further conclusions regarding the management of this condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1786164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T22:55:25Z","timestamp":1713999325000},"page":"550-558","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Natural History of Non-operatively Treated Traumatic Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Tears: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7298-9995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Il","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Tauranga Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahbaz","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHS Trust, Worcestershire Acute Hospital, Worcester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"MacLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Tauranga Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"01","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1067\/j.cpradiol.2015.05.004","article-title":"The traumatized TFCC: an illustrated review of the anatomy and injury patterns of the triangular fibrocartilage complex","volume":"45","author":"M R Skalski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Probl Diagn Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-007-0368-z","article-title":"Outcome evaluation measures for wrist and hand: which one to choose?","volume":"32","author":"M Changulani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944719828007","article-title":"Surgical repair of acute TFCC injury","volume":"15","author":"J C Dunn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(89)90174-3","article-title":"Triangular fibrocartilage complex lesions: a classification","volume":"14","author":"A K Palmer","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1718913","article-title":"Surgical repair of triangular fibrocartilage complex tears: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"E H Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Wrist Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s40634-018-0120-1","article-title":"Open versus arthroscopic repair of the triangular fibrocartilage complex: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"J K Andersson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Exp Orthop"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1302\/2633-1462.211.BJO-2021-0140.R1","article-title":"Long-term patient-reported outcomes for open surgery of the triangular fibrocartilage complex","volume":"2","author":"R Feitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Jt Open"},{"issue":"71","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"M J Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1445-2197.2003.02748.x","article-title":"Methodological index for non-randomized studies (minors): development and validation of a new instrument","volume":"73","author":"K Slim","year":"2003","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2000.6467","article-title":"Peripheral tears of the triangular fibrocartilage complex cause distal radioulnar joint instability after distal radial fractures","volume":"25","author":"T Lindau","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"376","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200007000-00031","article-title":"Distal radioulnar instability is an independent worsening factor in distal radial fractures","author":"T Lindau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.00345","article-title":"Effect of an unrepaired fracture of the ulnar styloid base on outcome after plate-and-screw fixation of a distal radial fracture","volume":"91","author":"J S Souer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000000663","article-title":"Conservative treatment is sufficient for acute distal radioulnar joint instability with distal radius fracture","volume":"77","author":"S K Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.103B8.BJJ-2020-2310.R2","article-title":"Predictors for poor outcome for conservatively treated traumatic triangular fibrocartilage complex tears","volume":"103-B","author":"J Y Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Joint J"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-020-01315-2","article-title":"Outcome of conservative treatment for triangular fibrocartilage complex lesions with stable distal radioulnar joint","volume":"47","author":"A L Sander","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4055\/cios20117","article-title":"A comparative study between conservative and surgical treatments of triangular fibrocartilage complex injury of the wrist with distal radius fractures","volume":"13","author":"J Im","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1726408","article-title":"Experience with diagnosis and management of distal radioulnar joint instability","volume":"10","author":"B F Hearon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Wrist Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16122235","article-title":"Normative data on grip strength in a population-based study with adjusting confounding factors: Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014-2015)","volume":"16","author":"S H Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1713580","article-title":"A systematic review and analysis of Palmer Type I Triangular fibrocartilage complex injuries: outcomes of treatment","volume":"12","author":"C T McNamara","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hand Microsurg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref20","first-page":"32","article-title":"Surgical management of triangular fibrocartilage complex lesions: a review of outcomes","volume":"1","author":"C Demino","year":"2019","journal-title":"JHS GO."}],"container-title":["Journal of Wrist 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