{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T21:04:31Z","timestamp":1740171871486,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":167,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aorta (Stamford)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Conventional elephant trunk (cET) and frozen elephant trunk (FET) are two distinct approaches to the surgical treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections. With the advent and growing uptake of endovascular technologies, FET is becoming increasingly popular for its potential to be performed as a single-stage operation with better aortic remodeling and less risk of graft kinking than the traditional two-stage cET procedure. However, FET has been associated with a higher risk of spinal cord ischemia and its use in patients with connective tissue disorder remains controversial. The current review aimed to reflect on recent evidence surrounding the application of cET and FET to different types of aortic pathology in both acute and elective settings. Another scope of this review was to compare the characteristics of the currently available FET commercial devices on the global market. Our findings highlight that when the pathology is confined to the proximal descending aorta, such as in Dsine, intervention is often single-staged and false lumen (FL) thrombosis is achieved with good effect. FET remains limited by spinal cord injury and applicability in patients with connective tissue disorder, although some groups have started to circumvent associated complications, likely due to growing surgical expertise. Many other aortic diseases do require second-stage intervention, and even in these cases, there appears to be lower in-hospital mortality when using FET over cET. This is possibly due to the higher rate of endovascular completion facilitated by the completed landing zones created during FET. FET is trending toward becoming the universal treatment modality for extending repair to the descending aorta<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1786352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T22:51:27Z","timestamp":1715899887000},"page":"174-190","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Fate of Conventional Elephant Trunk in the Frozen Elephant Trunk Era"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Geragotellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6725-6164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matti","family":"Jubouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hull York Medical School, University of York, York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Al-Tawil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Idhrees","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiac and Aortic Disorders (ICAD), SRM Institutes for Medical Science (SIMS Hospital), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2605-538X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad","family":"Bashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiac and Aortic Disorders (ICAD), SRM Institutes for Medical Science (SIMS Hospital), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"},{"name":"Department of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery, Velindre University NHS Trust, Health Education and Improvement Wales (HEIW), Cardiff, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Heart Valve Disease Research Centre, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saeid","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Valve Disease Research Centre, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"01","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1020290","article-title":"Extensive aortic replacement using \u201celephant trunk\u201d prosthesis","volume":"31","author":"H G Borst","year":"1983","journal-title":"Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2012.10.002","article-title":"The birth of the 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Mehanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Egypt Heart J"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-20-2356","article-title":"Quantification of volume changes in the descending aorta after frozen elephant trunk procedure using the Thoraflex hybrid prosthesis for type A aortic dissection","volume":"13","author":"M V Usai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4070","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-20-912","article-title":"Quantifying the learning curve of emergent total arch replacement in acute type A aortic dissection","volume":"12","author":"H Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003122","article-title":"A New Aortic Arch Inclusion Technique With Frozen Elephant Trunk for Type A Aortic Dissection","volume":"271","author":"K 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Uchida","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2014.07.098","article-title":"Frozen elephant trunk surgery in acute aortic dissection","volume":"149","author":"R Di Bartolomeo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezx131","article-title":"Aortic diameter remodelling after the frozen elephant trunk technique in aortic dissection: results from an international multicentre registry","volume":"52","author":"M Iafrancesco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2008.03.037","article-title":"Combining classic surgery with descending stent grafting for acute DeBakey type I dissection","volume":"86","author":"H 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