{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T03:04:11Z","timestamp":1776135851825,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","funder":[{"name":"Newsome Chair of Neurosurgery Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009797","name":"Barrow Neurological Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009797","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol Surg B Skull Base"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Objectives\u2003Our objective was to compare transorbital neuroendoscopic surgery (TONES) with open craniotomy and analyze the effect of visualization technology on surgical freedom.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Design\u2003Anatomic dissections included supraorbital craniotomy (SOC), transorbital microscopic surgery (TMS), and TONES.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Setting\u2003The study was performed in a neurosurgical anatomy laboratory.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Participants\u2003Neurosurgeons dissecting cadaveric specimens were included in the study.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Main Outcome Measures\u2003Morphometric analysis of cranial nerve (CN) accessible lengths, frontal lobe base area of exposure, and craniocaudal and mediolateral angle of attack and volume of surgical freedom (VSF) of the paraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA), terminal ICA, and anterior communicating artery (ACoA).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003The mean (standard deviation [SD]) frontal lobe base parenchymal exposures for SOC, TMS, and TONES were 955.4 (261.7) mm2, 846.2 (249.9) mm2, and 944.7 (158.8) mm2, respectively. Access to distal vasculature was hindered when using TMS and TONES. Multivariate analysis estimated that accessing the paraclinoid ICA with SOC would provide an 11.2-\u2009mm3 increase in normalized volume (NV) compared with transorbital corridors (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). There was no difference between the three approaches for ipsilateral terminal ICA VSF (p\u2009=\u20090.71). Compared with TONES, TMS provided more access to the terminal ICA. For the ACoA, SOC produced the greatest access corridor maneuverability (mean [SD] NV: 15.6 [5.6] mm3 for SOC, 13.7 [4.4] mm3 for TMS, and 7.2 [3.5] mm3 for TONES; p\u2009=\u20090.01).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003SOC provides superior surgical freedom for targets that require more lateral maneuverability, but the transorbital corridor is an option for accessing the frontal lobe base and terminal ICA. Instrument freedom differs quantifiably between the microscope and endoscope. A combined visualization strategy is optimal for the transorbital corridor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1786373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T22:46:35Z","timestamp":1714517195000},"page":"313-324","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Quantitative Analysis of the Supraorbital, Transorbital Microscopic, and Transorbital Neuroendoscopic Approaches to the Anterior Skull Base and Paramedian Vasculature"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Lena Mary","family":"Houlihan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Loyal and Edith Davis Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thanapong","family":"Loymak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Loyal and Edith Davis Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irakliy","family":"Abramov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Loyal and Edith Davis Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jubran H.","family":"Jubran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Loyal and Edith Davis Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann J.","family":"Staudinger Knoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Loyal and Edith Davis Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael G. J.","family":"O'Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Lawton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Loyal and Edith Davis Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark C.","family":"Preul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Loyal and Edith Davis Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United 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