{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T10:38:19Z","timestamp":1777113499241,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Objective(s)\u2003This study compared the antimicrobial efficacy of nanographene (NG) particles with chlorhexidine (CHX) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) against Enterococcus faecalis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Materials and Methods\u2003Forty extracted human mandibular premolar teeth were cleaned using a scaler, and the middle-third of the root (6\u2009mm) was decoronated using a rotary diamond disk. The inner diameter of the teeth was made consistent using Gates Glidden Drills #3, treated with ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid and sodium hypochlorite before sterilization. The samples were then contaminated with E. faecalis grown in Tryptic soy broth for 21 days. Tooth samples were then randomly divided into four groups: Group I (Control), untreated saline; Group II, Ca(OH)2; Group III, CHX; and Group IV, NG. The assessment of bacterial growth was carried out by harvesting dentin chips at the end of 1, 3, and 7 days. The colonies were physically counted and tabulated after 24\u2009hours from seeding. Statistical analysis of the collected data was performed with analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test using SPSS Version 20.0.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003The contaminated dentine blocks irrigated with NG (0.5 \u00b5g) and CHX (0\u2009\u00b1\u20090; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) had no growth of E. faecalis colonies compared to blocks of Ca(OH)2 (10\u2009\u00b1\u200921) and saline (927\u2009\u00b1\u2009455). All concentrations of NG (0.5 and 1.0 \u00b5g) showed effectiveness higher (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) than 2% CHX when measured by the zone of inhibition against E. faecalis.\n        <\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003It may be concluded that NG is effective against growth of E. faecalis and may be used as a promising antimicrobial agent during root canal treatment. However, further studies should be done to investigate the effect of NG against other dental pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1786863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T23:01:30Z","timestamp":1720479690000},"page":"103-109","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Antibacterial Efficacy of Graphene Nanoparticles against Enterococcus faecalis: In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1424-1345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omer Sheriff","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.T. Still University - Missouri School of Dentistry and Oral Health (ATSU-MOSDOH), Kirksville, Missouri, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Preena","family":"Sidhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7759-1414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiran","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thiagrajan","family":"Madheswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7297-5948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amalraj Fabian","family":"Davamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"03","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.2001.00373.x","article-title":"Effects of four Ni-Ti preparation techniques on root canal geometry assessed by micro computed tomography","volume":"34","author":"O A Peters","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.4103\/ejd.ejd_56_18","article-title":"Endodontic irrigants: different methods to improve efficacy and related 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