{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:21:31Z","timestamp":1780392091189,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sleep Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Introduction\u2003Sleeping pills are assumed to be the most efficacious means of treating acute insomnia, but their use has associated risks. Exercise could provide a healthy alternative treatment for insomnia, particularly if it could be shown to have comparable efficacy to sleeping pills.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Objective\u2003The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of acute exercise versus zolpidem on chronic insomnia.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003Seventeen participants with chronic insomnia (recruited from advertisements) participated in a parallel randomized controlled trial (exercise, n\u2009=\u20099; zolpidem, n\u2009=\u20098). Participants in the exercise treatment performed treadmill exercise for 50\u2009minutes, at 50% of heart rate reserve, between 11 am and 2 pm. Participants in the zolpidem treatment received a 10\u2009mg dose of zolpidem immediately before bedtime. Following baseline and following the treatment, sleep measures included sleep diary, polysomnography, and actigraphy. Treatments were compared with non-inferiority analysis, ANOVA, and effect sizes.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003Non-inferiority of exercise relative to zolpidem was observed for polysomnographic measurement of sleep latency. For all other comparisons, the non-inferiority was inconclusive. Significant treatment-by-time interactions were observed for N3 sleep (p\u2009=\u20090.04) and REM sleep (p\u2009=\u20090.03). No other significant treatment-by-time effects were observed. Subjective sleep duration and sleep efficiency, and polysomnographic measurement of sleep efficiency were significantly increased after zolpidem and exercise. The effect size between groups was small for these variables.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003Exercise impacted sleep in a similar way to zolpidem in participants with chronic insomnia. Considering the far superior health benefits of exercise, further research addressing this question is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1787530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T23:07:59Z","timestamp":1717628879000},"page":"e64-e73","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of Acute Aerobic Exercise Versus Acute Zolpidem Intake on Sleep in Individuals with Chronic Insomnia"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ariella Rodrigues Cordeiro","family":"Rozales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn D.","family":"Youngstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Phoenix, Arizona, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SeungYong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Phoenix, Arizona, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela Elias de","family":"Assis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardo Pessoa de","family":"Assis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7749-3497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giselle Soares","family":"Passos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2002.0186","article-title":"Epidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn","volume":"6","author":"M M Ohayon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.04.002","article-title":"The hyperarousal model of insomnia: a review of the concept and its evidence","volume":"14","author":"D Riemann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(01)00005-6","article-title":"Sleep, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and cytokines: multiple interactions and disturbances in sleep disorders","volume":"31","author":"A N Vgontzas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.01.026","article-title":"Insomnia and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"152","author":"S Javaheri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.4.491","article-title":"Insomnia with objective short sleep duration is associated with a high risk for hypertension","volume":"32","author":"A N Vgontzas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht019","article-title":"Insomnia and the risk of incident heart failure: a population study","volume":"35","author":"L E Laugsand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2018.10.006","article-title":"Insomnia as a predictor of mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"E Hertenstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2018.10.004","article-title":"Insomnia and mortality: A meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"N Lovato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2010.02.008","article-title":"Medication effects on sleep","volume":"31","author":"F J Roux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27286","article-title":"Clinical guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic insomnia in adults","volume":"4","author":"S Schutte-Rodin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.8729.1","article-title":"Hypnotic drug risks of mortality, infection, depression, and cancer: but lack of benefit","volume":"5","author":"D F Kripke","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000 Res"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27825","article-title":"Effect of acute physical exercise on patients with chronic primary insomnia","volume":"6","author":"G S Passos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.03.014","article-title":"Effects of acute morning and evening exercise on subjective and objective sleep quality in older individuals with insomnia","volume":"34","author":"Y Morita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.02.007","article-title":"Effects of moderate aerobic exercise training on chronic primary insomnia","volume":"12","author":"G S Passos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.04.014","article-title":"Aerobic exercise improves self-reported sleep and quality of life in older adults with insomnia","volume":"11","author":"K J Reid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-020-02284-x","article-title":"Testing the sleep hygiene recommendation against nighttime exercise","volume":"25","author":"S D Youngstedt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7718","article-title":"Effects of an Acute Bout of Light-Intensity Walking on Sleep in Older Women With Sleep Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"15","author":"L J Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199805000-00015","article-title":"Acute exercise reduces caffeine-induced anxiogenesis","volume":"30","author":"S D Youngstedt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2016.04.003","article-title":"Influence of Exercise Intensity for Improving Depressed Mood in Depression: A Dose-Response Study","volume":"47","author":"J D Meyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.74.2.825","article-title":"Does body temperature mediate anxiolytic effects of acute exercise?","volume":"74","author":"S D Youngstedt","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H601","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00094.2006","article-title":"Improved postischemic function following acute exercise is not mediated by nitric oxide synthase in the rat heart","volume":"292","author":"R P Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498961","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/498961","article-title":"Exercise improves immune function, antidepressive response, and sleep quality in patients with chronic primary insomnia","volume":"2014","author":"G S Passos","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.5935\/1984-0063.20220053","article-title":"Effects of exercise training and exercise plus acupuncture on chronic insomnia: a feasibility study","volume":"15","author":"W S Ferreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Sci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5 ed","author":"American Psychiatry Association","year":"2013"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.682","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy, singly and combined with medication, for persistent insomnia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"301","author":"C M Morin","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1642","article-title":"The consensus sleep diary: standardizing prospective sleep self-monitoring","volume":"35","author":"C E Carney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref28","volume-title":"The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: rules, terminology and technical specifications","author":"C Iber","year":"2007"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(00)00364-2","article-title":"Sleep estimation from wrist movement quantified by different actigraphic modalities","volume":"105","author":"G Jean-Louis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2011.00917.x","article-title":"Comparison of actigraphy with polysomnography and sleep logs in depressed insomniacs","volume":"21","author":"C McCall","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"ref31","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.87802","article-title":"Reporting of noninferiority and equivalence randomized trials: extension of the CONSORT 2010 statement","volume":"308","author":"G Piaggio","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.5.399","article-title":"Subjective versus objective evaluation of hypnotic efficacy: experience with zolpidem","volume":"14","author":"M H Kryger","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8343","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e8343","article-title":"Effectiveness of non-benzodiazepine hypnotics in treatment of adult insomnia: meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration","volume":"345","author":"T B Huedo-Medina","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/20.3.203","article-title":"The effects of acute exercise on sleep: a quantitative synthesis","volume":"20","author":"S D Youngstedt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.04.010","article-title":"Hyperarousal in insomnia: pre-sleep and diurnal cortisol levels in response to chronic zolpidem treatment","volume":"61","author":"T Roehrs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med"}],"container-title":["Sleep Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0044-1787530.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T22:42:29Z","timestamp":1744670549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0044-1787530"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0044-1787530","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1984-0659","1984-0063"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1984-0659","type":"print"},{"value":"1984-0063","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]}}}