{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:11:26Z","timestamp":1787497886904,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Asian J Neurosurg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) is an uncommon disorder characterized by the development of abnormal plasma cell tumors outside the bone marrow. These tumors are typically observed in various locations, including the upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and other soft tissues. Among the less explored manifestations of EMP is intracranial EMP, which remains poorly understood due to the limited literature available on the subject. The objective was to comprehend the population characteristics, localization, type, treatment, and outcomes of intracranial EMP. A systematic review of the literature for EMPs was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. The strategy \u201cextramedullary plasmacytoma AND multiple myeloma\u201d was used for the search. The search terms were queried using PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases. We included only those studies that presented clinical studies with patients diagnosed with intracranial plasmacytomas. In this study, a total of 84 patients from 25 studies were analyzed. The average age of diagnosis was 57.25 years, with a slightly higher proportion of females (57%) compared to male patients (43%). The most common locations of intracranial plasmacytomas were the clivus (29.7%), frontal lobe (18.9%), parietal lobe (8.1%), occipital lobe (6.7%), temporal lobe (6.7%), and sphenoid (4%). Chordoma and meningioma were the most common differential diagnoses encountered during clinical investigations. Treatment modalities included radiotherapy (RT), chemotherapy (QT), surgical resection (SR), and conservative approaches. The most frequent treatment combinations were SR\u2009+\u2009RT (19%) and RT only (17.8%). Mortality was reported in 48% of the cases, with complete resolution observed in 10 cases and partial resolution in 3 cases. The average follow-up duration was 37.5 months. The clivus is the most frequently reported site of extramedullary intracranial plasmacytoma (EMIP) occurrence, representing 29.7% of cases. Chordomas were commonly observed alongside EMIPs and emerged as the primary differential diagnosis. RT was the predominant treatment modality, with SR considered when feasible. RT alone demonstrated the highest effectiveness in managing EMIPs (30%), while QT as a sole intervention showed lower efficacy. However, a combination of dexamethasone, lenalidomide, and targeted RT displayed promising results, offering improved tumor response and increased safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1787535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T18:57:45Z","timestamp":1717700265000},"page":"137-144","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Extramedullary Intracranial Plasmacytomas: A Systematic Review of Literature"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6320-5041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucca B.","family":"Palavani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Max Planck University Center, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atharva","family":"Bapat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trivandrum Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e1vio","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0195-1221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5612-556X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo B.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, State University of Ponta Grossa, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Bertani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"06","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2016.11.004","article-title":"Multiple myeloma epidemiology and survival: a unique malignancy","volume":"43","author":"D Kazandjian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"34","article-title":"Extramedullary plasmocytoma relapsing at differents sites: an unusual presentation","volume":"14","author":"M Ahnach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"S 07","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-011-0079-0","article-title":"Multiple myeloma with extramedullary disease","volume":"28","author":"A Oriol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"1435","volume-title":"Textbook of radiation oncology","author":"S A Leibel","year":"2004","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"S 07","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-011-0073-6","article-title":"Extramedullary plasmacytomas in the context of multiple myeloma","volume":"28","author":"B Aguado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0709(03)00092-9","article-title":"Solitary plasmacytoma of bone and soft tissues","volume":"24","author":"W M Mendenhall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197903)43:3<1007::AID-CNCR2820430333>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Solitary plasmacytoma of bone vs. extramedullary plasmacytoma and their relationship to multiple myeloma","volume":"43","author":"J Corwin","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2021.01.023","article-title":"Extramedullary plasmacytoma involving rectum: a case report and literature review","volume":"16","author":"Q T Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-014-0506-3","article-title":"Recurrent extramedullary plasmacytoma in asymptomatic multiple myeloma: a case report","volume":"9","author":"S E Schols","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref10","first-page":"e23219","article-title":"An exceptional case of diplopia and ptosis: extramedullary plasmacytoma of the clivus with multiple myeloma","volume":"14","author":"S H Bin Waqar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/02688690400022748","article-title":"Misleading imaging features of intracranial dural plasmacytoma: report of two cases","volume":"18","author":"P Gallina","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.10077","article-title":"Unusual presentation of multiple myeloma with unilateral visual loss and numb chin syndrome in a young adult","volume":"70","author":"M C Hogan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8652(199702)54:2<173::AID-AJH17>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Bulky plasmacytoma of the skull with intracranial involvement","volume":"54","author":"M C Savas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2006.00062.x","article-title":"Cyberknife radiosurgery for basal skull plasmacytoma","volume":"16","author":"E T Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref15","first-page":"800","article-title":"Avid uptake of technetium-99m-HMPAO by an intracranial plasmacytoma during carotid balloon test occlusion","volume":"36","author":"M Lorberboym","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref16","first-page":"272","article-title":"Cyberknife radiosurgery for cranial plasma cell tumor","volume":"24","author":"C Alafaci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Turk Neurosurg"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2010.03.033","article-title":"Multiple myeloma presenting as solitary mass in the posterior fossa","volume":"17","author":"A J Patel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref18","first-page":"e5","article-title":"Dural plasmacytoma mimicking meningioma in a young patient with multiple myeloma","volume":"5","author":"N Rahmah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biij"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-7563.2010.01327.x","article-title":"Cranial nerve palsy in multiple myeloma and solitary plasmacytoma","volume":"6","author":"R Kashyap","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref20","first-page":"38","article-title":"Multiple cranial nerve palsies in a case of intracranial plasmacytoma and multiple myeloma: a report","volume":"4","author":"B Bhattacharya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Solid Tumors"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2005.03.033","article-title":"Dural plasmacytoma mimicking meningioma in a patient with multiple myeloma","volume":"13","author":"F Sahin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref22","first-page":"1039","article-title":"Association between intracranial plasmacytoma and multiple myeloma: clinicopathological outcome study","volume":"49","author":"T H Schwartz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-019-03089-z","article-title":"Clinical features, radiological profiles, and surgical outcomes of primary intracranial solitary plasmacytomas: a report of 17 cases and a pooled analysis of individual patient data","volume":"142","author":"X J Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1995.83.2.0218","article-title":"Management of intracranial plasmacytoma","volume":"83","author":"A K Bindal","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqw058","article-title":"Intracranial involvement by plasma cell neoplasms","volume":"146","author":"A C Wilberger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-013-1845-3","article-title":"Solitary clival plasmocytomas: misleading clinical and radiological features of a rare pathology with a specific biological behaviour","volume":"155","author":"F Gagliardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-008-0390-x","article-title":"Intracranial involvement in plasmacytomas and multiple myeloma: a pictorial essay","volume":"50","author":"A Cerase","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5402","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V122.21.5402.5402","article-title":"Initial presentation of multiple myeloma as intraparenchymal brain Mass","volume":"122","author":"I Malhotra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-3147.127888","article-title":"Intracranial plasmacytoma mimicking meningioma","volume":"5","author":"T M Anoop","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci Rural Pract"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.5812\/iranjradiol.8759","article-title":"Extramedullary plasmacytoma presenting as a solitary mass in the intracranial posterior fossa","volume":"9","author":"M H Daghighi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran J Radiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1007\/s001170050158","article-title":"Seltene intrakranielle Plasmozytommanifestationen. Fallberichte und Literatur\u00fcbersicht bei diffusem Plasmozytom, bei prim\u00e4r solit\u00e4r extramedull\u00e4rem Plasmozytom und bei prim\u00e4r solit\u00e4r oss\u00e4rem Plasmozytom","volume":"36","author":"C Kujat","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiologe"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref32","first-page":"155","article-title":"Plasmocitoma solitario intracraneal extramedular. Reporte de dos casos","volume":"35","author":"L Rivas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Invest Clin"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2019.05.026","article-title":"Multiple myeloma presenting as dural plasmacytoma","volume":"14","author":"L M Gregorio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1696069","article-title":"Primary cerebral plasmacytoma: a rare case report with review of literature","volume":"08","author":"A Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060516664820","article-title":"Clinical analysis of 40 multiple myeloma patients with extramedullary plasmacytoma of the head","volume":"44","author":"W J Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1740601","article-title":"A study of head and neck cancer patients with reference to tobacco use, gender, and subsite distribution","volume":"11","author":"R Chauhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"South Asian J Cancer"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2021.05.008","article-title":"Cutaneous malignancies of the head and neck","volume":"35","author":"G K In","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1159\/000206956","article-title":"Incidence, prognostic significance and therapeutic modalities of central nervous system involvement in multiple myeloma","volume":"68","author":"B Brenner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"4531858","article-title":"Incidental discovery of multiorgan extramedullary plasmacytomas in the setting of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma and delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction","volume":"2017","author":"J Cook","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep Hematol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830.2018.1490437","article-title":"Five cases of orbital extramedullary plasmacytoma: diagnosis and management of an aggressive malignancy","volume":"38","author":"S SY Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orbit"}],"container-title":["Asian Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0044-1787535.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T09:32:40Z","timestamp":1730799160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0044-1787535"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0044-1787535","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1793-5482","2248-9614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1793-5482","type":"print"},{"value":"2248-9614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}}}