{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T18:30:46Z","timestamp":1791657046088,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Indian J Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Introduction\u2003Radiography is the most often accessible and affordable imaging modality. Accurate assessments of wrist X-rays can aid in the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of various wrist problems. This study aims to identify normal radiographic anthropometry reference values and variations of carpal bones and joints by gender and age in sample Indian population, with the potential to be clinically applicable.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Materials and Methods\u2003Two investigators conducted a prospective analysis of normal wrist radiographs in a single center. Radiology Information Systems and Picture Archiving and Communication Systems were used to collect standard digitized normal X-rays without significant osseous pathology over a year. We conducted measurements of length, angles, and indices in a standard posteroanterior and lateral wrist X-rays in order to establish the standard dimensions and variances based on age and gender.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003A total of 18 measurements which included eight linear measurements, eight angles, and two ratios were documented. A total of 500 X-rays of 250 males and 250 females with 125 of each in two age groups of 20 and 40 years and 41 and 60 years were evaluated.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003This work is a comprehensive database of the Indian population measuring parameters in normal wrist radiographs of posteroanterior and lateral views. The results of our study indicate that men and younger individuals had a significantly higher carpal height ratio. The width of distal radial ulnar joint space was significantly lesser in older subjects. Additionally, males showed a significantly higher lunate uncovered ratio and radial height. When compared to the literature, the study revealed a significant positive ulnar variance in elderly people and women. However, we noted an overall increase in the percentage of positive ulnar variance individuals in our study. We also recorded a marginal increase in radial inclination with no variations across gender and age.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1787850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T23:02:44Z","timestamp":1719356564000},"page":"278-286","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Normative Data of Carpal Bone Measurements in the Sample Adult Indian Population"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Anil K.","family":"Bhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hand Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arvind Kumar","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0222-5484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mithun Pai","family":"G.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hand Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghavendra","family":"MS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EKAA Orthopaedic and Dental Clinic, St. Philomena's Hospital, Apollo Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chethan Kumar","family":"M.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiodiagnosis, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaurya Vikram","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hand Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"09","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199274090-00018","article-title":"A normal data base of posteroanterior roentgenographic measurements of the wrist","volume":"74","author":"F A Schuind","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref2","first-page":"221","article-title":"Postero-anterior radiography of the wrist. Normal database of carpal measurements","volume":"20","author":"V Feipel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(10)80156-X","article-title":"Measurements of carpal bone angles on lateral wrist radiographs","volume":"16","author":"C F Larsen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(96)80150-X","article-title":"Does the normal contralateral wrist provide the best reference for X-ray film measurements of the pathologic wrist?","volume":"21","author":"F Schuind","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5413.193482","article-title":"Morphometry of distal end radius in the Indian population: a radiological study","volume":"50","author":"P K Mishra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Orthop"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref6","first-page":"9","article-title":"A study of the radiographic morphometry of the distal radius in a south Indian population","volume":"7","author":"S Nekkanti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hand Microsurg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0358.85339","article-title":"Radiographic imaging of the wrist","volume":"44","author":"A K Bhat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Plast Surg"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref8","first-page":"335","article-title":"[Radiographic measurements of the wrist in healthy Mexicans]","volume":"74","author":"M Franco-Valencia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cir Cir"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-009-0500-4","article-title":"A normal data-base of posteroanterior radiographic measurements of the wrist in healthy Egyptians","volume":"31","author":"M H Mohammed Ali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref10","first-page":"935","article-title":"Measurement of ulnar variance in Indian population","volume":"11","author":"D Athikari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pharm Res Int"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6314","DOI":"10.16965\/ijar.2019.108","article-title":"Carpal height ratio in Kashmiri population: a study of one hundred and twenty wrist radiographs","volume":"7","author":"M Jehan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Anat Res"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref12","first-page":"132","article-title":"Radiographic indices in one hundred fifty normal Iranian wrists","volume":"26","author":"D Jafari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med J Islam Repub Iran"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref13","first-page":"451","article-title":"Evaluation of normal ranges of wrist radiologic indexes in Mashhad population","volume":"5","author":"T Vaezi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Bone Jt Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.28982\/josam.938799","article-title":"Evaluation of radiographic measurements of the wrist in the Turkish population","volume":"6","author":"A Yal\u00e7\u0131n","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Surg Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Retrospective study on the radiographic wrist indices in a Nigerian population","volume":"21","author":"B S Ominde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Online J Health Allied Sci"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref16","first-page":"83","article-title":"Kinematic radiographic measurements of the wrist in the healthy population in the Republic of Macedonia","volume":"31","author":"M Foteva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prilozi"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4236\/etsn.2018.73003","article-title":"Retrospective study of radiographic anatomy of wrist in Chinese population","volume":"7","author":"C Y Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ETSN"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197860040-00001","article-title":"Kinematics of the wrist. I. An experimental study of radial-ulnar deviation and flexion-extension","volume":"60","author":"Y Youm","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2009.11.010","article-title":"Gender differences in carpal height ratio in a Taiwanese population","volume":"35","author":"Y C Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198466040-00003","article-title":"The natural history of scaphoid non-union","volume":"66","author":"G R Mack","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.83B7.11062","article-title":"Changes in ulnar variance in relation to forearm rotation and grip","volume":"83","author":"J M Jung","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br."},{"issue":"08","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2016.8.14144","article-title":"A preliminary exploration of ulnar variance in healthy wrists at a tertiary hospital in Jeddah","volume":"37","author":"B A Ghalimah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref23","first-page":"95","article-title":"Types of ulnar variance in normal adult population in Peshawar region KPK, Pakistan","volume":"41","author":"K Iqbal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rawal Med J"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(97)80007-1","article-title":"Ulnar variance and age","volume":"22","author":"P L Sanderson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Br]"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(89)90175-5","article-title":"Measuring ulnar variance: a comparison of techniques","volume":"14","author":"C M Steyers","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-7681(92)90120-Q","article-title":"Normal palmar tilt: is dorsal tilting really normal?","volume":"17","author":"F A Mann","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Br]"},{"issue":"187","key":"ref27","first-page":"52","article-title":"Roentgenographic diagnosis of the painful wrist","author":"L A Gilula","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0044-1787850.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T17:17:56Z","timestamp":1730827076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0044-1787850"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0044-1787850","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0970-0358","1998-376X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0970-0358","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-376X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]}}}