{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T11:54:01Z","timestamp":1779364441448,"version":"3.53.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"09","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arq Neuropsiquiatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Background\u2003Olfactory dysfunction (OD) represents a frequent manifestation of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a protein that interacts with the angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor, essential for viral entry into the cell. Previous publications have suggested a possible role of APOE in COVID-19 severity. As far as we know, no publications found significant associations between this disease's severity, OD, and APOE polymorphisms (E2, E3, and E4).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Objective\u2003To analyze the epidemiology of OD and its relationship with APOE polymorphisms in a cohort of Long-COVID patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003We conducted a prospective cohort study with patients followed in a post-COVID neurological outpatient clinic, with OD being defined as a subjective reduction of olfactory function after infection, and persistent OD being defined when the complaint lasted more than 3 months after the COVID-19 infection resolution. This cross-sectional study is part of a large research with previously reported data focusing on the cognitive performance of our sample.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003The final sample comprised 221 patients, among whom 186 collected blood samples for APOE genotyping. The persistent OD group was younger and had a lower hospitalization rate during the acute phase of the disease (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Furthermore, the APOE variant E4 allele frequency was lower in this group (p\u2009=\u20090.035). This study evaluated OD in an outpatient population with COVID-19. In the current literature on this disease, anosmia is associated with better clinical outcomes and the E4 allele is associated with worse outcomes.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003Our study provides new information to these correlations, suggesting APOE E4 as a protective factor for OD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1788272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T23:00:13Z","timestamp":1721343613000},"page":"001-007","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Long-COVID olfactory dysfunction: allele E4 of apolipoprotein E as a possible protective factor"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1748-6695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo Nunes","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1, Faculdade de Medicina, Fortaleza CE, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7405-4998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Wagner Leonel","family":"Tavares-J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1, Faculdade de Medicina, Fortaleza CE, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1154-257X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Werbety Lucas Queiroz","family":"Feitosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1, Faculdade de Medicina, Fortaleza CE, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1286-7416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Let\u00edcia Chaves Vieira","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1, Faculdade de Medicina, Fortaleza CE, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4804-6345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmem Meyve Pereira","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Estadual do Cear\u00e1, Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Fortaleza CE, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5845-3481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline Aquino","family":"Moreira-Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1, N\u00facleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos, Fortaleza CE, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0838-3195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean Breno Silveira da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1, N\u00facleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos, Fortaleza CE, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8007-5667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur Victor Menezes","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1, Faculdade de Medicina, Fortaleza CE, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4992-4442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Safira de Brito","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Estadual do Cear\u00e1, Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Fortaleza CE, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6017-5107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuelle Silva Tavares","family":"Sobreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1, Faculdade de Medicina, Fortaleza CE, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2814-3575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"La\u00eds Lacerda Brasil de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1, N\u00facleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos, Fortaleza CE, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3861-293X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel Carvalho","family":"Montenegro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1, N\u00facleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos, Fortaleza CE, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6826-8930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Elisabete Amaral de","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1, N\u00facleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos, Fortaleza CE, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9619-6551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manoel Alves","family":"Sobreira-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1, Faculdade de Medicina, Fortaleza CE, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9186-9243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Braga-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1, Faculdade de Medicina, Fortaleza CE, Brazil."},{"name":"Universidade Estadual do Cear\u00e1, Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Fortaleza CE, 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