{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T08:58:23Z","timestamp":1784797103477,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Reconstr Microsurg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Background\u2003Surgeons routinely apply papaverine, lidocaine, or verapamil to produce acute vasodilation and prevent vasospasms during microvascular surgeries. There is evidence that topical vasodilators may induce postoperative endothelial and smooth muscle dysfunction, which would present after the acute vasodilatory effects of the topical drugs wear off. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate the lasting effects of papaverine, lidocaine, and verapamil on human deep inferior epigastric perforator artery vasodilatory function after the acute effects of the topical drugs had worn off.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003Deep inferior epigastric arterial samples were obtained from 12 patients during surgery. Each artery was dissected into four rings which where incubated for 1\u2009minute in either physiological saline solution (control), papaverine (30\u2009mg\/mL), lidocaine (20\u2009mg\/mL), or verapamil (2.5\u2009mg\/mL), followed by a 2-hour washout. Endothelial-dependent and -independent vasorelaxation were then assessed by the isometric tension responses to acetylcholine or sodium nitroprusside, respectively.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003Peak acetylcholine-evoked vasorelaxation (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard deviation) was not different between control (62\u2009\u00b1\u200923%) and lidocaine (57\u2009\u00b1\u200918%, p\u2009=\u20090.881), but was reduced (all p\u2009&lt;\u20090.002) in papaverine (22\u2009\u00b1\u200927%) and verapamil (22\u2009\u00b1\u200920%). Peak sodium nitroprusside-evoked vasorelaxation was not different (all p\u2009&gt;\u20090.692) among control (132\u2009\u00b1\u200935%), lidocaine (121\u2009\u00b1\u200922%), and verapamil (127\u2009\u00b1\u200922%), but was less in papaverine (104\u2009\u00b1\u200941%; p\u2009=\u20090.045) than control.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003Surgically used doses of papaverine and verapamil, but not lidocaine, have lasting negative effects on arterial vasodilatory function despite the acute effects of the drugs having worn off. These findings, in conjunction with the spasmolytic properties of each drug, may help guide the selection of an optimal topical vasodilator for use during microvascular surgeries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1788326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T22:42:06Z","timestamp":1721688126000},"page":"219-226","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Lasting Effects of Surgically Used Topical Vasodilators on DIEP Artery Vascular Function"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Jason S.","family":"Kofoed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma B.","family":"Tuncer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvin C.","family":"Kwok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayant P.","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley A.","family":"Ruple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"},{"name":"Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Borrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. David","family":"Symons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell S.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"},{"name":"Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Broxterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"},{"name":"Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"06","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.3109\/00016925709170919","article-title":"Arterial spasm caused by puncture and catheterization; an arteriographic study of patients not suffering from arterial disease","volume":"47","author":"A Lindbom","year":"1957","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(10)62041-3","article-title":"Early postoperative spasm in left internal mammary artery bypass grafts","volume":"44","author":"M R Sarabu","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Thorac 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