{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T15:25:10Z","timestamp":1781796310685,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Indian J Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Background\u2003Gynecomastia results in a feminine appearance of the male chest, leading to social embarrassment and loss of self-esteem in the afflicted males. Grade 4 gynecomastia is expected to have less than perfect results with liposuction and gland excision alone. This study was done to assess the long-term outcome of this surgery for grade 4 gynecomastia.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Materials and Methods\u2003From January 2021 to December 2022, 81 patients with grade 4 gynecomastia were treated by us. All the patients underwent vibration amplification of sound energy at resonance (VASER) and suction-assisted liposuction of the chest and side rolls with excision of the gland with crescentic lift in the cases with ptosis. A retrospective study was done to analyze the long-term surgical outcomes in these patients by review of clinical records.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003Symmetry was achieved in 37\/39 patients with grade 4a gynecomastia but only in 33\/42 patients with grade 4b gynecomastia. The inframammary fold disappeared in 35\/39 patients with grade 4a gynecomastia but only in 25\/42 of grade 4b gynecomastia patients. Ptosis was corrected in 35\/42 grade 4b gynecomastia patients. The mean follow-up was 15 months (range: 12\u201324 months). Only seven patients desired a second stage to correct the remaining deformity.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003Liposuction with gland removal alone in grade 4a gynecomastia and with liposuction with crescentic nipple\u2013areola complex (NAC) lift in patients of grade 4b gynecomastia give satisfactory results in patients with massively enlarged breasts. While grade 4a gynecomastia has overall better results and lesser complications as compared with grade 4b gynecomastia, the latter also has acceptable outcomes. Realistic prognosis needs to be explained to the patient preoperatively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1789005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T23:32:02Z","timestamp":1725406322000},"page":"455-460","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Long-Term Outcome of Surgery for Grade 4 Gynecomastia: A Single-Center Experience"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9388-5842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aakanksha","family":"Goel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aesthetic Surgery, Divine Aesthetic Surgery, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudhanshu","family":"Punia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aesthetic Surgery, Divine Aesthetic Surgery, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aesthetic Surgery, Divine Aesthetic Surgery, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"06","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-016-0705-y","article-title":"Surgical management of gynecomastia: subcutaneous mastectomy and liposuction","volume":"40","author":"D H Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e31827c7949","article-title":"Surgical treatment of gynecomastia: mastectomy compared to liposuction technique","volume":"73","author":"Y N Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Plast 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