{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:40:25Z","timestamp":1741912825942,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Objective\u2003The aim of this study was to compare the bending properties of String of Pearls plate-bone substitute constructs with and without bending tees in the nodes over a simulated fracture gap. It is hypothesized that the constructs with tees will have higher bending stiffness.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Study Design\u2003Acetal polymer tubes and 12-hole, 3.5-mm String of Pearls plates were used to create plate-bone substitute constructs simulating stabilization in a bridging fashion over a 45-mm gap. Twenty-four constructs were made with 12 containing tees in the nodes over the fracture gap. Single-cycle load-to-failure 4-point bending was performed in mediolateral and craniocaudal planes. Bending stiffness was compared with a t-test (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003All plate-bone substitute constructs had a permanent loss of structural integrity via plastic deformation of the plate. The bending stiffness (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard deviation) of the craniocaudal group was 59.11\u2009\u00b1\u20091.98\u2009N\/mm with tees and 59.25\u2009\u00b1\u20091.69\u2009N\/mm without tees (p\u2009=\u20090.88). In the mediolateral group, the bending stiffness was 43.17\u2009\u00b1\u20090.75\u2009N\/mm with tees and 41.09\u2009\u00b1\u20090.91\u2009N\/mm without tees (p\u2009=\u20090.0042).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003In 4-point bending, the plate-bone substitute constructs with tees had equivalent bending stiffness in the craniocaudal plane and increased bending stiffness in the mediolateral plane. However, with a small absolute difference in values, the clinical significance is unclear. Future studies for cyclic bending, torsional, and axial compression tests should be performed to further investigate the value of tees in the nodes over a comminuted or gap fracture repaired in a bridging fashion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1790209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T23:05:18Z","timestamp":1726873518000},"page":"071-076","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of Bending Stiffness between String of Pearls Plate-Bone Substitute Constructs with and without Bending Tees in a Fracture Gap Model"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Pei-Han","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4706-6974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayla M.","family":"Corriveau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramsis","family":"Farag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Polymers and Advanced Composites, College of Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik H.","family":"Hofmeister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kendon","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brad M.","family":"Matz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-08-03-0030","article-title":"The effect of bending and twisting on the stiffness and strength of the 3.5 SOP implant","volume":"22","author":"M G Ness","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-07-04-0034","article-title":"Mechanical testing of 3.5\u2009mm locking and non-locking bone plates","volume":"21","author":"M DeTora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop 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Traumatol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-09-04-0041","article-title":"Repair of Y-T humeral fractures in the dog using paired 'String of Pearls' locking plates","volume":"22","author":"M G Ness","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"35","article-title":"Use of string-of-pearls locking implants for the stabilisation of acetabular and supra-acetabular fractures in three dogs","volume":"51","author":"J G Grand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revue V\u00e9t Clin"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1708522","article-title":"Locking plate fixation for canine acetabular fractures","volume":"33","author":"F Piana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref12","first-page":"41","article-title":"Surgical repair of ilial fractures in dogs and cats using string of pearls (SOP)-plate","volume":"36","author":"M A Sadan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Vet Surg"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12857","article-title":"Repair of lumbosacral fracture-luxation with bilateral twisted string-of-pearls locking plates","volume":"59","author":"U Segal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2011.00870.x","article-title":"String-of-pearls locking plate and cerclage wire stabilization of periprosthetic femoral fractures after total hip replacement in six dogs","volume":"41","author":"N Fitzpatrick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.80.6.533","article-title":"An assessment of mechanical properties and screw push-out for two 3.5-mm pearl-type locking plate systems","volume":"80","author":"G Tremolada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-13-10-0133","article-title":"A biomechanical comparison of unilateral and bilateral String-of-Pearls\u2122 locking plates in a canine distal humeral metaphyseal gap model","volume":"27","author":"R J Hurt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-14-09-0149","article-title":"Comparison of double locking plate constructs with single non-locking plate constructs in single cycle to failure in bending and torsion","volume":"28","author":"K D Hutcheson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0050","article-title":"Single cycle to failure in torsion of three standard and five locking plate constructs","volume":"24","author":"J B Cabassu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-14-06-0093","article-title":"The effect of intramedullary pin size and monocortical screw configuration on locking compression plate-rod constructs in an in vitro fracture gap model","volume":"28","author":"T Pearson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"volume-title":"Standard Specification and Test Method for Metallic Bone Plates","year":"2022","author":"ANSI","key":"ref21"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1632446","article-title":"Area moment of intertia for comparison of implant cross-sectional geometry and bending stiffness","volume":"8","author":"P Muir","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12095.x","article-title":"In vitro biomechanical comparison of 3.5 string of pearl plate fixation to 3.5 locking compression plate fixation in a canine fracture gap model","volume":"43","author":"R C Malenfant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2021.1939189","article-title":"The effect of pearl spacing on single-cycle load-to-failure and cyclic loading parameters of 2.0 mm pearl locking plates","volume":"69","author":"P Hyndman","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2012.01055.x","article-title":"Effect of contouring on bending structural stiffness and bending strength of the 3.5 titanium SOP implant","volume":"41","author":"S Rutherford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.064790","article-title":"Comparison of structural, architectural and mechanical aspects of cellular and acellular bone in two teleost fish","volume":"215","author":"L Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"}],"container-title":["Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and 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