{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T13:00:03Z","timestamp":1793278803641,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), the most common mononeuropathy, results from compression of the median nerve within the fibro-osseous carpal tunnel. Diagnosis is typically based on clinical evaluation and confirmed by nerve conduction studies. However, ultrasound (US) has emerged as a valuable noninvasive adjunct for CTS confirmation, offering potential advantages over electrodiagnostic testing in terms of patient comfort and diagnostic accuracy. This review begins with a concise summary of carpal tunnel anatomy and CTS pathophysiology as a foundation for exploring the diverse applications of US in CTS evaluation. B-mode US assessment is presented with a focus on cross-sectional imaging and dynamic evaluations, including the transverse translocation and longitudinal gliding of the median nerve. We also review current methods for assessing vascularization in CTS and explore the usefulness of elastography in CTS evaluation. The advantages and limitations of each US method are elucidated, highlighting their practical utility in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1790561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T23:30:28Z","timestamp":1732059028000},"page":"661-671","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Multiparametric Ultrasound Assessment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Beyond Nerve Cross-sectional Area"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Tja\u0161a","family":"Toma\u017ein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Institute of Radiology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luka","family":"Pu\u0161nik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Albano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suren Armeni","family":"Jengojan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6864-8880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017diga","family":"Snoj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Institute of Radiology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2022.103044","article-title":"Carpal tunnel mechanics and its relevance to carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"87","author":"Z M Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","first-page":"4","article-title":"Pathophysiology of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"20","author":"M S Aboonq","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosciences (Riyadh)"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP1","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944718810855","article-title":"The direct and indirect costs to society of carpal tunnel release","volume":"15","author":"A S Gabrielli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13061138","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided interventions for carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"13","author":"K HS Lam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944719855442","article-title":"The sensitivity and specificity of nerve conduction studies for diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"C Demino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2016.1275455","article-title":"Diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome with Doppler ultrasonography: a comparison of ultrasonographic measurements and electrophysiological severity","volume":"39","author":"N Kutlar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1002\/ajum.12219","article-title":"Ultrasound parameters to identify and diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome. 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