{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T01:30:03Z","timestamp":1793237403076,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Thromb Hemost"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Long coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)\u2014a postacute consequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection\u2014manifests with a broad spectrum of relapsing and remitting or persistent symptoms as well as varied levels of organ damage, which may be asymptomatic or present as acute events such as heart attacks or strokes and recurrent infections, hinting at complex underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Central to these symptoms is vascular dysfunction rooted in thrombotic endothelialitis. We review the scientific evidence that widespread endothelial dysfunction (ED) leads to chronic symptomatology. We briefly examine the molecular pathways contributing to endothelial pathology and provide a detailed analysis of how these cellular processes underpin the clinical picture. Noninvasive diagnostic techniques, such as flow-mediated dilation and peripheral arterial tonometry, are evaluated for their utility in identifying ED. We then explore mechanistic, cellular-targeted therapeutic interventions for their potential in treating ED. Overall, we emphasize the critical role of cellular health in managing Long COVID and highlight the need for early intervention to prevent long-term vascular and cellular dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1790603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T22:46:41Z","timestamp":1727736401000},"page":"256-271","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Vascular Pathogenesis in Acute and Long COVID: Current Insights and Therapeutic Outlook"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6170-3143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arneaux","family":"Kruger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Joffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"World Health Network, Cambridge, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8191-4389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham","family":"Lloyd-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammed Asad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Network, Cambridge, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Directorate of Respiratory Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0160pela","family":"\u0160alamon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Network, Cambridge, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gert J.","family":"Laubscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediclinic Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Putrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5838-7963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas B.","family":"Kell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty 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