{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T23:10:54Z","timestamp":1778713854958,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Angiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this paper, we described the clinical features and the typical vascular imaging picture of a rare case of thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) in a 47-year-old, young, Caucasian woman without relevant medical records except for smoking habits and admitted to our Department of Internal Medicine with a necrotic lesion of the first and third toes of the right foot. After a rapid clinical and instrumental evaluation, necrotic tissue debridement was performed and the patient was treated with Iloprost infusion and antibiotics (for overlapping infection) with clinical improvement. Moreover, we summarized the current knowledge about the disease making an update and critical examination of the literature. TAO, also known as Buerger's disease, is a rare disease. In recent decades, the incidence of TAO has decreased in Europe and the United States in men but several studies have reported an increase in the prevalence of disease in women. TAO is a segmental nonatherosclerotic inflammatory disorder that involves primarily small and medium arteries, veins, and nerves of the extremities with limb ischemia, pain, claudication, ulcers, and necrosis that can lead to amputation. Smoking is considered the main risk factor, but despite that, more than 100 years have passed since the first description of the disease by Leo Buerger, and knowledge on pathogenesis, precipitating factors, and therapy remain still unclear.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1791505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T22:50:23Z","timestamp":1727477423000},"page":"111-116","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger's Disease): A Young Woman's Rare Case and Current Knowledge"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Giuliana","family":"Autiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale dell'Angelo, Mestre-Venezia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Padovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale dell'Angelo, Mestre-Venezia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Vittone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale dell'Angelo, Mestre-Venezia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Grolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Ospedale dell'Angelo, Mestre-Venezia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Dalla Vestra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology Unit, Ospedale dell'Angelo, Mestre-Venezia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"202","article-title":"Uber eine Eigenthumliche Form von Endarteriitis und Endophlebitis mit Gangan des Fusses","volume":"23","author":"F von Winiwarter","year":"1878","journal-title":"Arch Kiln Chir"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-190810000-00011","article-title":"Thromboangiitis obliterans: a study of the vascular lesions leading to presenile spontaneous gangrene","volume":"136","author":"L Buerger","year":"1908","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-1-14","article-title":"Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease)","volume":"1","author":"P E Arkkila","year":"2006","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2012.10.119","article-title":"Vascular arteritides in women","volume":"57","author":"K A Gallagher","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200009213431207","article-title":"Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease)","volume":"343","author":"J W Olin","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.09.029","article-title":"Long-term survival and amputation risk in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease)","volume":"44","author":"L T Cooper","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.4065\/82.4.448","article-title":"Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease)","volume":"82","author":"J A Batsis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref8","first-page":"153","article-title":"The rise and fall and resurgence of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease)","volume":"39","author":"J T Lie","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Jpn"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"235","article-title":"Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans)","volume":"4","author":"S Shionoya","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3400\/avd.oa.13-00012","article-title":"Current status of patients with Buerger disease in Japan","volume":"6","author":"N Hida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Dis"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/000331970005100207","article-title":"Sustained classic clinical spectrum of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease)","volume":"51","author":"W E Wysokinski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1177\/004947559802800405","article-title":"Buerger's disease in Nepal","volume":"28","author":"K Fleshman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02015288","article-title":"Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans)","volume":"5","author":"J L Mills","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Surg"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"IV3","article-title":"The changing clinical spectrum of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease)","volume":"82","author":"J W Olin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2016(07)08","article-title":"The incidence and prevalence of thromboangiitis obliterans in Taiwan: a nationwide, population-based analysis of data collected from 2002 to 2011","volume":"71","author":"J F Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinics (Sao Paulo)"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(99)00046-X","article-title":"Current trends in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) in women","volume":"177","author":"S Sasaki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734615599654","article-title":"Pathogenesis and management of Buerger's disease","volume":"14","author":"N C Liew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Low Extrem Wounds"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2003.08.006","article-title":"Clinical and social consequences of Buerger disease","volume":"39","author":"T Ohta","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2023.08.015","article-title":"Recent advances of oxidative stress in thromboangiitis obliterans: biomolecular mechanisms, biomarkers, sources and clinical applications","volume":"230","author":"Q Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2009.01.042","article-title":"Thromboangiitis obliterans in the 21st century\u2013a new face of disease","volume":"206","author":"R Ma\u0142ecki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.5455\/aim.2013.21.250-252","article-title":"Periodontitis and Buerger's disease: recent advances","volume":"21","author":"V Pavlic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Inform Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2009.01467.x","article-title":"Association between periodontitis and anti-cardiolipin antibodies in Buerger disease","volume":"36","author":"Y W Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2005.03.016","article-title":"Oral bacteria in the occluded arteries of patients with Buerger disease","volume":"42","author":"T Iwai","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2008.01.005","article-title":"Arterial thrombosis after intravenous infusion of oral bacterium in a rat model","volume":"22","author":"T Kubota","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.942383","article-title":"Thromboangiitis obliterans","volume":"121","author":"G Piazza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref26","first-page":"215","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms regulating immune responses in thromboangiitis obliterans: A comprehensive review","volume":"22","author":"A Shapouri-Moghaddam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12048","article-title":"The role of autoimmunity in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease)","volume":"1285","author":"S S Ketha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref28","first-page":"394","article-title":"New aspects of thromboangiitis obliterans (von Winiwarter-Buerger's disease)","volume":"23","author":"P Berlit","year":"1984","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000371","article-title":"Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease)","volume":"43","author":"P F Klein-Weigel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vasa"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.09.037","article-title":"Lineage-specific genome architecture links enhancers and non-coding disease variants to target gene promoters","volume":"167","author":"B M Javierre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-007-0408-1","article-title":"Synergistic contribution of CD14 and HLA loci in the susceptibility to Buerger disease","volume":"122","author":"Z Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1089\/gtmb.2015.0264","article-title":"Association between three SNPs and thromboangiitis obliterans in Xinjiang Uyghur population","volume":"20","author":"Z F Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet Test Mol Biomarkers"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(00)00190-X","article-title":"Current status of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) in Japan","volume":"75","author":"S Sasaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2005.12.002","article-title":"One of the most frequent vascular diseases in northeastern of Turkey: thromboangiitis obliterans or Buerger's disease (experience with 344 cases)","volume":"111","author":"A Ates","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01655948","article-title":"What is Buerger's disease?","volume":"7","author":"S Shionoya","year":"1983","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-5884(96)80081-5","article-title":"A point scoring system for the clinical diagnosis of Buerger's disease","volume":"11","author":"M Z Papa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-12-5","article-title":"Treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) with bosentan","volume":"12","author":"J De Haro","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-5884(98)80032-4","article-title":"Oral iloprost in the treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"The European TAO Study Group","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref39","first-page":"162","article-title":"A randomized trial of intravenous iloprost (a stable prostacyclin analogue) versus lumbar sympathectomy in the management of Buerger's disease","volume":"25","author":"A K Bozkurt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int Angiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.08.107","article-title":"An open-label study on long-term outcomes of bosentan for treating ulcers in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease)","volume":"177","author":"J De Haro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1177\/1076029608319882","article-title":"Stem cell therapy: a promising and prospective approach in the treatment of patients with severe Buerger's disease","volume":"15","author":"Z Boda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Appl Thromb Hemost"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19690","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19690","article-title":"Early results of clinical application of autologous whole bone marrow stem cell transplantation for critical limb ischemia with Buerger's disease","volume":"6","author":"S H Heo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2005.01.044","article-title":"The role of epidural spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of Buerger's disease","volume":"41","author":"K P Donas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-5884(97)80017-2","article-title":"Role of infrainguinal bypass in Buerger's disease: an eighteen-year experience","volume":"13","author":"T Sasajima","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2011.08.014","article-title":"Clinical outcome after extended endovascular recanalization in Buerger's disease in 20 consecutive cases","volume":"26","author":"L Graziani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037.e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2013.08.019","article-title":"Endovascular SilverHawk directional atherectomy for thromboangiitis obliterans with occlusion of the popliteal artery","volume":"28","author":"L Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Surg"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Angiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0044-1791505.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T22:32:42Z","timestamp":1778711562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0044-1791505"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0044-1791505","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1061-1711","1615-5939"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1061-1711","type":"print"},{"value":"1615-5939","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]}}}