{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T05:57:55Z","timestamp":1738043875903,"version":"3.33.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Introduction\u2003Microtia and aural atresia present congenital ear anomalies that affect external ear and are associated with conductive hearing loss. Both anomalies result from exposure to various prenatal risk factors, most common during the first trimester of pregnancy.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Objective\u2003This study was aimed at epidemiological analysis of microtia\/atresia and associated risk factors in the Kazakhstani population.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003A retrospective study in two stages. First, a cross-sectional analysis of microtia\/ atresia frequencies from 2015 to 2019 on the basis of official statistics obtained from the Republican Centre for E-Health. Then, a case-control study was carried out to elucidate maternal risk factors associated with occurrence of microtia\/atresia. We recruited patients presented in Almaty, Kazakhstan, between September 2021 and February 2022.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003There was a substantial regional variation in the rates of both aural atresia and microtia\/anotia. Mothers of children with microtia disclosed toxoplasmosis, other agents (including HIV, syphilis, varicella), rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex (TORCH) infections during pregnancy more often than those of healthy children (45.8 versus 7.3%; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Exposure to different chemicals during pregnancy was mentioned more frequently by mothers of children with microtia when compared with the healthy controls (18.1 versus 8.1%; p\u2009=\u20090.035). Self-reporting of alcohol consumption and intake of antibiotics was also significantly higher in mothers of children with microtia (31.9 and 36.1% respectively).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003Elucidation of microtia\/atresia epidemiology is important due to their imposed social and economic burden, associated with treatment and rehabilitation costs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1792015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:09:17Z","timestamp":1738022957000},"page":"001-008","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiological Characteristics and Maternal Risk Factors of Microtia and Aural Atresia in Kazakhstan"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9865-3189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assel","family":"Imangaliyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher School of Public Health, Kazakhstan Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0935-9840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rimma","family":"Suatbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher School of Public Health, Kazakhstan Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3632-486X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatyana","family":"Slazhneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Non-Communicable Disease Prevention, National Centre for Public Health, Ministry of Healthcare of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6941-4525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aigul","family":"Medeulova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kazakh National Medical University named after S. D. Asfendiyarov, Almaty, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5272-1190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhanetta","family":"Mukanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kazakh National Medical University named after S. D. Asfendiyarov, Almaty, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2994-6935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amangeldy","family":"Kulimbetov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kazakh National Medical University named after S. D. Asfendiyarov, Almaty, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0282-6514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neilya","family":"Mileshina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Prevention and Correction of the Hearing Disorders, National Research Centre for Audiology and Hearing Rehabilitation, Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1400-8436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalya","family":"Glushkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Evidence-Based Medicine, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8128-4356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Izmailovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases, Karaganda Medical University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1324-7806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuliya","family":"Semenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Ear Microtia","author":"J Andrews","year":"2022"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e318254351c","article-title":"Microtia and congenital aural atresia","volume":"23","author":"S Genc","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref3","first-page":"6","article-title":"Grading system for the selection of patients with congenital aural atresia","volume":"13","author":"R A 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