{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T02:34:28Z","timestamp":1791513268649,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Reprod Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hashimoto thyroiditis and Graves' disease are autoimmune thyroid disorders that are common in women of reproductive age and have a complex relationship with female fertility and health of the maternal\u2013fetal dyad. Both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, whether subclinical or overt in severity, directly or indirectly affect nearly every level of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013ovary axis, uterine and ovarian function, as well as fetal development from implantation through delivery. Autoimmunity itself also appears to negatively impact both spontaneous and assisted fertility, as well as miscarriage risk, although the mechanism remains unclear, and the presence and magnitude of risk is variable in published literature. While treatment of overt hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism is unequivocally recommended by professional societies, the impact of treatment on fertility outcomes, and the role of treatment in subclinical thyroid disease is more controversial. Unfortunately, levothyroxine has not been shown to abrogate the risk of subfertility and miscarriage observed in euthyroid thyroid autoantibody positive women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1795160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T23:51:57Z","timestamp":1734047517000},"page":"178-192","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Review of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases and Their Complex Interplay with Female Fertility"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7129-6441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsay","family":"Carafone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0155-8949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex J.","family":"Knutson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6733-7132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Gigliotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.10.016","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroid disorders","volume":"14","author":"A Antonelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1995.tb01894.x","article-title":"The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham Survey","volume":"43","author":"M P Vanderpump","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9703-2","article-title":"The incidence and prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"42","author":"D S McLeod","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref4","first-page":"907","article-title":"Thyroid hormones and female reproduction","volume":"99","author":"J F Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00604-z","article-title":"Assessment and treatment of thyroid disorders in pregnancy and the postpartum period","volume":"18","author":"S Y Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2023.102876","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction and female infertility. 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