{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T09:53:40Z","timestamp":1776851620516,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Combat ballistic injuries to the face present complex challenges for military medical personnel, often involving multiple traumas that require immediate intervention to preserve life and function. This review explores the mechanisms of ballistic trauma, highlighting the unique injury patterns seen in modern conflicts like those in Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, and Ukraine. Advances in protective gear have altered injury profiles, increasing the incidence of head, neck, and facial injuries. Early evacuation and definitive care are critical, though prolonged field care settings may require adapted surgical techniques due to resource constraints. The goals of surgical management focus on restoring form and function, with treatment strategies influenced by the severity of injuries and available medical resources. This article also discusses the long-term complications, such as infections, nerve injuries, and posttraumatic stress disorder, emphasizing the need for a multidisciplinary approach. The evolving nature of combat injuries underscores the importance of continuous surgical innovation and timely intervention to improve outcomes for soldiers suffering from ballistic facial trauma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1801407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T23:31:01Z","timestamp":1743031861000},"page":"008-013","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Combat Ballistic Injuries to the Face"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Grace C.","family":"Baisden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lawson E.","family":"Spence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan N.","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerry P.","family":"Latham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"The Principles and Art of Plastic Surgery","author":"H Gillies","year":"1957"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Between Flesh and Steel: A History of Military Medicine from the Middle Ages to the War in Afghanistan","author":"R A 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