{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T22:24:49Z","timestamp":1782944689272,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gout is a common inflammatory arthritis with well-described imaging characteristics. Radiography depicts erosive change and in advanced cases, tophus deposition near joints and in association with tendons or bursae. Computed tomography demonstrates the same features but may also use dual-energy or photon-counting techniques that allow for tissue composition analysis and the specific identification of monosodium urate deposition. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is useful in identifying tophi and the damage associated with gout, such as bone erosion and cartilage loss in advanced cases. MRI also helps differentiate gout from other types of inflammatory arthritis, infection, or tumor that may have a similar clinical presentation. Ultrasound is widely used in the diagnosis of gout and also useful in procedural guidance of joint aspiration or soft tissue biopsy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0045-1802351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T22:36:59Z","timestamp":1743460619000},"page":"267-274","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Current Techniques in the Imaging of Gout"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3778-8845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin D.","family":"Strickland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.91","article-title":"Global epidemiology of gout: prevalence, incidence and risk factors","volume":"11","author":"C F Kuo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13937","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13937","article-title":"Global burden of gout in 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study 2019","volume":"53","author":"Y J Jeong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2015.02.004","article-title":"The economic burden of gout: a systematic review","volume":"45","author":"S K Rai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2017.06.005","article-title":"Molecular pathophysiology of gout","volume":"23","author":"J Desai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.315115510","article-title":"Clinical utility of dual-energy CT for evaluation of tophaceous gout","volume":"31","author":"M A Desai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2015140250","article-title":"High-resolution US of rheumatologic diseases","volume":"35","author":"M S Taljanovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-208237","article-title":"2015 gout classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology\/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative","volume":"74","author":"T Neogi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-007-0802-z","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging of gout: comparison of high-resolution US versus conventional X-ray","volume":"18","author":"T Rettenbacher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2687","article-title":"Imaging of gout: findings and utility","volume":"11","author":"F Perez-Ruiz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2006.04.001","article-title":"Imaging features of crystal-induced arthropathy","volume":"32","author":"M H Choi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref11","first-page":"665","article-title":"Tophaceous gout","volume":"30","author":"W C Peh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Orthop"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-017-2871-7","article-title":"Gouty involvement of the patella and extensor mechanism of the knee mimicking aggressive neoplasm. A case series","volume":"47","author":"C Kester","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000717","article-title":"Differentiation of crystals associated with arthropathies by spectral photon-counting radiography: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"56","author":"F A Huber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2017.04.008","article-title":"Computed tomography and MR imaging in crystalline-induced arthropathies","volume":"55","author":"C F Buckens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.12874","article-title":"Dual energy computed tomography: a novel technique for diagnosis of gout","volume":"19","author":"Z Ahmad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11102485","article-title":"Identification of intraarticular and periarticular uric acid crystals with dual-energy CT: initial evaluation","volume":"261","author":"K N Glazebrook","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.6.493","article-title":"The value of synovial fluid assays in the diagnosis of joint disease: a literature survey","volume":"61","author":"A Swan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5249","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11175249","article-title":"The clinical utility of dual-energy computed tomography in the diagnosis of gout\u2014a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"M Sotniczuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-205095","article-title":"Dual-energy CT for the diagnosis of gout: an accuracy and diagnostic yield study","volume":"74","author":"T Bongartz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e318253aa5e","article-title":"False-negative dual-energy computed tomography in a patient with acute gout","volume":"18","author":"K N Glazebrook","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-017-3753-z","article-title":"Dual-energy computed tomography has limited diagnostic sensitivity for short-term gout","volume":"37","author":"E Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206397","article-title":"Urate crystal deposition in asymptomatic hyperuricaemia and symptomatic gout: a dual energy CT study","volume":"74","author":"N Dalbeth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40929","article-title":"Effects of allopurinol dose escalation on bone erosion and urate volume in gout: a dual-energy computed tomography imaging study within a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"71","author":"N Dalbeth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.099713","article-title":"Dual energy computed tomography in tophaceous gout","volume":"68","author":"H K Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06350-1","article-title":"Development and validation of a quantitative method for estimation of the urate burden in patients with gouty arthritis using dual-energy computed tomography","volume":"30","author":"M Kotlyarov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000756","article-title":"Dual-energy computed tomography for detection and characterization of monosodium urate, calcium pyrophosphate, and hydroxyapatite: a phantom study on diagnostic performance","volume":"56","author":"A D\u00f8ssing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2013.11.002","article-title":"Gout tophus detection-a comparison of dual-energy CT (DECT) and histology","volume":"43","author":"R Melzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-021-03715-w","article-title":"Limitations of dual-energy CT in the detection of monosodium urate deposition in dense liquid tophi and calcified tophi","volume":"50","author":"S J Ahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016151109","article-title":"Dual-energy CT for the musculoskeletal system","volume":"281","author":"P I Mallinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W103","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.13.11396","article-title":"Artifacts in dual-energy CT gout protocol: a review of 50 suspected cases with an artifact identification guide","volume":"203","author":"P I Mallinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.3624","article-title":"Does dual-energy CT of lower-extremity tendons incur penalties in patient radiation exposure or reduced multiplanar reconstruction image quality?","volume":"191","author":"D G Lohan","year":"2008","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2018.03.002","article-title":"Dual-energy computed tomography: dose reduction, series reduction, and contrast load reduction in dual-energy computed tomography","volume":"56","author":"A Parakh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5622-9","article-title":"The effect of tube voltage combination on image artefact and radiation dose in dual-source dual-energy CT: comparison between conventional 80\/140\u2009kV and 80\/150\u2009kV plus tin filter for gout protocol","volume":"29","author":"J Y Jeon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.22.28418","article-title":"Photon-counting detector CT for musculoskeletal imaging: a clinical perspective","volume":"220","author":"F I Baffour","year":"2023","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40848","article-title":"Clinical utility of multi-energy spectral photon-counting computed tomography in crystal arthritis","volume":"71","author":"L K Stamp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-024-04622-6","article-title":"Chances and challenges of photon-counting CT in musculoskeletal imaging","volume":"53","author":"C Mourad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep278","article-title":"An analysis of MRI and ultrasound imaging in patients with gout who have normal plain radiographs","volume":"48","author":"J D Carter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-014-1869-7","article-title":"Exploring cartilage damage in gout using 3-T MRI: distribution and associations with joint inflammation and tophus deposition","volume":"43","author":"I Popovich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.168.2.9016240","article-title":"MR imaging of tophaceous gout","volume":"168","author":"J S Yu","year":"1997","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket329","article-title":"Bone erosions in patients with chronic gouty arthropathy are associated with tophi but not bone oedema or synovitis: new insights from a 3 T MRI study","volume":"53","author":"F M McQueen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.141164","article-title":"Imaging as an outcome measure in gout studies: report from the OMERACT Gout Working Group","volume":"42","author":"R Grainger","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2018.06.008","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging in rheumatology","volume":"26","author":"R GW Lambert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-009-0782-y","article-title":"Developments in musculoskeletal ultrasound and clinical applications","volume":"39","author":"A S Klauser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000142","article-title":"Use of ultrasound for diagnosis and monitoring of outcomes in crystal arthropathies","volume":"27","author":"W Grassi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref45","first-page":"2485","article-title":"Musculoskeletal ultrasound including definitions for ultrasonographic pathology","volume":"32","author":"R J Wakefield","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2008.06.003","article-title":"Hyaline cartilage involvement in patients with gout and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. An ultrasound study","volume":"17","author":"E Filippucci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.062802","article-title":"High-resolution ultrasonography of the first metatarsal phalangeal joint in gout: a controlled study","volume":"66","author":"S A Wright","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.150366","article-title":"Assessing elementary lesions in gout by ultrasound: Results of an OMERACT patient-based agreement and reliability exercise","volume":"42","author":"L Terslev","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-018-4220-0","article-title":"Reliability of OMERACT ultrasound elementary lesions in gout: results from a multicenter exercise","volume":"39","author":"T Cazenave","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2017.09.012","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in patients with gout: a meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Y H Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-010-0156-4","article-title":"Role of ultrasound and other advanced imaging in the diagnosis and management of gout","volume":"13","author":"R G Thiele","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4711","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac179","article-title":"Retrospective longitudinal assessment of ultrasound gout lesions using the OMERACT semi-quantitative scoring system","volume":"61","author":"S N Christiansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10136","article-title":"The value of contrast-enhanced color Doppler ultrasound in the detection of vascularization of finger joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"46","author":"A Klauser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-005-2884-9","article-title":"Contrast enhanced gray-scale sonography in assessment of joint vascularity in rheumatoid arthritis: results from the IACUS study group","volume":"15","author":"A Klauser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref55","first-page":"E8","article-title":"AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound","volume":"43","author":"AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4103\/jmu.jmu_94_22","article-title":"Update of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in musculoskeletal medicine: clinical perspectives\u2014a review","volume":"31","author":"S Y Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Ultrasound"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.12.012","article-title":"Value of shear wave elastography in the diagnosis of gouty and non-gouty arthritis","volume":"43","author":"Y Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5316","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5529-5","article-title":"Differentiating the acute phase of gout from the intercritical phase with ultrasound and quantitative shear wave elastography","volume":"28","author":"Q Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000005044","article-title":"False-positive metastatic bone disease on FDG PET\/CT due to multilevel tophaceous gout of the spine","volume":"49","author":"A Drazyk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X14542960","article-title":"Imaging in gout: a review of the recent developments","volume":"6","author":"P V Chowalloor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0045-1802351.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T23:05:17Z","timestamp":1743462317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0045-1802351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0045-1802351","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1089-7860","1098-898X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1089-7860","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-898X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]}}}