{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T04:31:17Z","timestamp":1749011477118,"version":"3.40.3"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory disease primarily affecting the axial skeleton, historically termed \u201chuman leukocyte antigen B27 positive spondyloarthropathy\u201d or ankylosing spondylitis. Improved understanding of the underlying pathologic mechanisms has led to an ongoing redefinition of this disease state, a recognition of the substantial phenotypic and biological variation, and an emphasis on earlier detection. Magnetic resonance imaging has become central to identifying and confirming early axSpA, critical to fulfilling the promise of slowing disease progression and preventing irreversible structural abnormalities. We review the clinical background and current role of medical imaging in axSpA, with a focus on Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society consensus definitions, to improve radiology reporting and facilitate discussion between radiologists and other clinical experts in spondyloarthritis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0045-1802651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T22:36:59Z","timestamp":1743460619000},"page":"196-209","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Axial Spondyloarthritis: Updates in Concepts and Reporting in Radiology"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Rolando G.","family":"Gerena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Asamoah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine E.","family":"Loftis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liron","family":"Caplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1484-7125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander N.","family":"Merkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"26","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1406182","article-title":"Ankylosing spondylitis and axial spondyloarthritis","volume":"374","author":"J D Taurog","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.133645","article-title":"The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society classification criteria for peripheral spondyloarthritis and for spondyloarthritis in general","volume":"70","author":"M Rudwaleit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref3","first-page":"516","article-title":"Impact of functional impairment in ankylosing spondylitis: impairment, activity limitation, and participation restrictions","volume":"32","author":"H Dagfinrud","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21621","article-title":"Prevalence of axial spondylarthritis in the United States: estimates from a cross-sectional survey","volume":"64","author":"J D Reveille","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204436","article-title":"Prevalence of spondyloarthritis in reference to HLA-B27 in the French population: results of the GAZEL cohort","volume":"74","author":"F Costantino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab544","article-title":"Age at onset in axial spondyloarthritis around the world: data from the Assessment in SpondyloArthritis international Society Peripheral Involvement in Spondyloarthritis study","volume":"61","author":"A Boel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38070","article-title":"The impact of tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 inhibitors on radiographic progression in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"65","author":"N Haroon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m4447","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4447","article-title":"Axial spondyloarthritis: new advances in diagnosis and management","volume":"372","author":"C Ritchlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780270401","article-title":"Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis. 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