{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:09:51Z","timestamp":1792811391814,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arq Neuropsiquiatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is complex and multifactorial, depending on interactions involving environmental\/lifestyle and genetic factors. The genetic aspects of the disease are becoming well characterized, while the environmental factors still need further investigation. In the present narrative review, we have described the most concrete evidence of associations between environmental factors and the risk of developing PD. Physical activity, healthy dietary patterns, smoking, and caffeine intake are protective factors against PD. Head trauma, consumption of milk and dairy products, and pesticide exposure were associated with a higher risk of developing PD. The associations of alcohol consumption, living in rural areas, farming, and consumption of well water with PD are still controversial. Results of several studies strongly suggest that diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for the development of PD, as well as the pre-diabetic state. Lower serum levels of uric acid were associated with an increased risk of developing PD and with worse clinical features and faster progression of symptoms. The protective effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs use are controversial. Several other factors were potentially associated with the risk of developing PD: environmental pollutants such as organic solvents, exposure to sunlight, vitamin D deficiency, bullous pemphigoid, bipolar disorder, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, certain infections and agents, and essential tremor. Environmental factors are important risk markers for the development of PD. Understanding these risks and protective factors could lead to the implementation of risk-modifying actions for PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0045-1805075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T19:30:34Z","timestamp":1742412634000},"page":"001-010","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Modifiable risk factors associated with the risk of developing Parkinson's disease: a critical review"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2402-2709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Tumas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto SP, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6148-8666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Jhonatan","family":"Aureliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Departamento de Neuroci\u00eancias e Ci\u00eancias do Comportamento, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto SP, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2950-7211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Roberto de Melo","family":"Rieder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade de Porto Alegre, Departamento de Neurologia, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8722-0908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur Francisco Schumacher","family":"Schuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Farmacologia, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3821-1407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique Ballalai","family":"Ferraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, S\u00e3o Paulo SP, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8723-2757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanderci","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, S\u00e3o Paulo SP, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0324-1052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Carolina","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o 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