{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:42:10Z","timestamp":1767796930144,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Football (soccer) is an intensely physical sport with a high prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries. Diagnostic imaging is critical for evaluating and managing these injuries effectively. Football players are particularly prone to injuries involving the lower extremities, especially the knees. Goalkeepers, due to their unique role and use of hands, face a higher risk of upper extremity injuries. Understanding the biomechanics of trauma, such as rapid changes in direction and high-speed running, is essential for anticipating injury patterns. This review article examines the imaging characteristics of football-related injuries, emphasizing the biomechanical factors involved and the role of imaging in diagnosing and managing both acute and chronic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0045-1808280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T22:37:28Z","timestamp":1752705448000},"page":"483-496","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Football\/Soccer: A Review of Imaging Findings and Biomechanics"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Maria Lua Sampaio","family":"Gulde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Campos Pace","family":"Lasmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas de Minas Gerais, Horizonte - MG, Brazil"},{"name":"Medical Department, Clube Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro (CAM), Belo Horizonte, Brazil"},{"name":"Medical Department, Confedera\u00e7\u00e3o Brasileira de Futebol (CBF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"D'Hooghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4747-5081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"Bordalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"147","volume-title":"Soccer\/Football","author":"M Haden","year":"2021"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106855","article-title":"Medical services at the FIFA world cup Qatar 2022","volume":"58","author":"Y O Schumacher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-023-04542-x","article-title":"Apophyseal injuries in soccer players","volume":"54","author":"V N Sato","year":"2025","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2005\/8\/391","article-title":"\u201cHeading\u201d and neck injuries in soccer: a review of biomechanics and potential long-term effects","volume":"8","author":"M J Mehnert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/026404198366740","article-title":"The biomechanics of soccer: a review","volume":"16","author":"A Lees","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967120977091","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120977091","article-title":"Hand, wrist, and forearm injuries in male professional soccer players: a prospective cohort study of 558 team-seasons from 2001-2002 to 2018-2019","volume":"9","author":"J K Andersson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S97917","article-title":"Shoulder injuries in soccer goalkeepers: review and development of a FIFA 11+ shoulder injury prevention program","volume":"7","author":"B Ejnisman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Access J Sports Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-024-04630-6","article-title":"Shoulder, arm, and elbow injuries in soccer players","volume":"54","author":"G G Almeida","year":"2025","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-023-04451-z","article-title":"Imaging-detected sports injuries and imaging-guided interventions in athletes during the 2022 FIFA football (soccer) World Cup","volume":"54","author":"M Bordalo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.060582","article-title":"Injury incidence and injury patterns in professional football: the UEFA injury study","volume":"45","author":"J Ekstrand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s40634-022-00560-1","article-title":"Epidemiology of upper limb injuries in two major Brazilian soccer championships from 2016 to 2019","volume":"9","author":"E B de Souza Lima","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Orthop"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-012-2164-6","article-title":"Upper extremity injuries in male elite football players","volume":"21","author":"J Ekstrand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.220029","article-title":"Zero echo time musculoskeletal MRI: technique, optimization, applications, and pitfalls","volume":"42","author":"\u00dc Ayd\u0131ng\u00f6z","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2021.109915","article-title":"3D MRI with CT-like bone contrast\u2014an overview of current approaches and practical clinical implementation","volume":"143","author":"L R Chong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4669","DOI":"10.3390\/app11104669","article-title":"Injuries and pain associated with goalkeeping in football\u2014review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"J Muracki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Sci (Basel)"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-023-04531-0","article-title":"MRI findings of closed hand injuries in adolescent goalkeepers: a case-based review","volume":"53","author":"I RB Godoy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1327007","article-title":"The athlete's hand: ligament and tendon injury","volume":"16","author":"L R Scalcione","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016150995","article-title":"Imaging of sports-related hand and wrist injuries: Sports Imaging Series","volume":"279","author":"E Cockenpot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjtee.2016.04.010","article-title":"Comparison of ultrasonography and radiography in diagnosis of rib fractures","volume":"20","author":"E Pishbin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin J Traumatol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref21","first-page":"182","article-title":"Hip and groin pain in soccer players","volume":"7","author":"V Candela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Joints"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094869","article-title":"Doha agreement meeting on terminology and definitions in groin pain in athletes","volume":"49","author":"A Weir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016151348","article-title":"Hip imaging in athletes: Sports Imaging Series","volume":"280","author":"C A Agten","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref24","first-page":"118","article-title":"imaging assessment of the pubis in soccer players","volume":"54","author":"K Todeschini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ortop"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2018.09.018","article-title":"MRI characteristics of adductor longus lesions in professional football players and prognostic factors for return to play","volume":"108","author":"G Pezzotta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-020-06180-5","article-title":"Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes","volume":"29","author":"E Schilders","year":"2021","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.3410","article-title":"Imaging review of groin pain in elite athletes: an anatomic approach to imaging findings","volume":"191","author":"G Koulouris","year":"2008","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-020-00912-4","article-title":"Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review","volume":"11","author":"J Isern-Kebschull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"issue":"22","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-094285","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical outcome comparison of indirect (\u2018strain\u2019) versus direct (\u2018contusion\u2019) anterior and posterior thigh muscle injuries in male elite football players: UEFA Elite League study of 2287 thigh injuries (2001\u20132013)","volume":"49","author":"P Ueblacker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097659","article-title":"Intramuscular tendon involvement on MRI has limited value for predicting time to return to play following acute hamstring injury","volume":"52","author":"A D van der Made","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738117741471","article-title":"Hamstring injuries in professional soccer players: extent of MRI-detected edema and the time to return to play","volume":"10","author":"M D Crema","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-022-01341-1","article-title":"MRI findings prior to return to play as predictors of reinjury in professional athletes: a novel decision-making tool","volume":"13","author":"J Isern-Kebschull","year":"2022","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090155","article-title":"Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play","volume":"46","author":"J Ekstrand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2005.08.006","article-title":"Morel-Lavall\u00e9e lesion: review with emphasis on MR imaging","volume":"13","author":"J M Mellado","year":"2005","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2018.08.032","article-title":"The Morel-Lavall\u00e9e lesion and its management: a review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"R Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Orthop"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W475\u2013W480","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.13.10931","article-title":"Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI","volume":"202","author":"A Kassarjian","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-024-04757-6","article-title":"Degloving intramuscular injuries of the semimembranosus and adductor longus muscles in adolescent soccer players","volume":"54","author":"M Bordalo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3692","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-019-05491-6","article-title":"Medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee in male professional football players: a prospective three-season study of 130 cases from the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study","volume":"27","author":"M Lundblad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092644","article-title":"Superior compliance with a neuromuscular training programme is associated with fewer ACL injuries and fewer acute knee injuries in female adolescent football players: secondary analysis of an RCT","volume":"47","author":"M H\u00e4gglund","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200005000-00001","article-title":"Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: risk factors and prevention strategies","volume":"8","author":"L Y Griffin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016152320","article-title":"Imaging of athletic injuries of knee ligaments and menisci: Sports Imaging Series","volume":"281","author":"A M Naraghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2263011892","article-title":"MR imaging of the menisci and cruciate ligaments: a systematic review","volume":"226","author":"E H Oei","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1248210","article-title":"Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: etiology of failures and clinical results","volume":"17","author":"E W Carson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Knee Surg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.344125202","article-title":"MR imaging-based diagnosis and classification of meniscal tears","volume":"34","author":"J C Nguyen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2018180073","article-title":"Imaging features and management of stress, atypical, and pathologic fractures","volume":"38","author":"R A Marshall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.199.1.8633129","article-title":"Stress fractures","volume":"199","author":"M W Anderson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(05)70016-8","article-title":"Epidemiology and site specificity of stress fractures","volume":"16","author":"K L Bennell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658701500107","article-title":"Stress fractures in athletes. A study of 320 cases","volume":"15","author":"G O Matheson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-106112","article-title":"Not all bone overuse injuries are stress fractures: it is time for updated terminology","volume":"57","author":"S J Warden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2024-108616","article-title":"International Delphi consensus on bone stress injuries in athletes","volume":"59","author":"T Hoenig","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300418","article-title":"Tibial stress reaction in runners. Correlation of clinical symptoms and scintigraphy with a new magnetic resonance imaging grading system","volume":"23","author":"M Fredericson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510395879","article-title":"Epidemiology of muscle injuries in professional football (soccer)","volume":"39","author":"J Ekstrand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-014-1856-z","article-title":"Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns","volume":"43","author":"R Balius","year":"2014","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2241011067","article-title":"Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US","volume":"224","author":"G J Delgado","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1999.tb00247.x","article-title":"Long-term outcome of knee and ankle injuries in elite football","volume":"9","author":"E Larsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017152442","article-title":"Imaging of acute capsuloligamentous sports injuries in the ankle and foot: Sports Imaging Series","volume":"283","author":"J M Linklater","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69S","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503262023","article-title":"Video analysis of the mechanisms for ankle injuries in football","volume":"32","author":"T E Andersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.37.3.233","article-title":"The Football Association Medical Research Programme: an audit of injuries in professional football: an analysis of ankle sprains","volume":"37","author":"C Woods","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506294857","article-title":"Ankle sprain injuries and risk factors in amateur soccer players during a 2-year period","volume":"35","author":"N D Kofotolis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0045-1808280.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:49:37Z","timestamp":1767786577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0045-1808280"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0045-1808280","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1089-7860","1098-898X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1089-7860","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-898X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]}}}