{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T16:41:39Z","timestamp":1780504899354,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin intervent Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vascular malformations are congenital abnormalities arising from dysregulated angiogenesis, often due to gain-of-function somatic mutations. Extracranial disease involvement can cause significant pain, disfigurement, and functional limitations. Conventional sclerosing agents such as ethanol, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, and doxycycline are effective in treating the majority of slow-flow vascular malformations. However, these sclerosants have limited efficacy in lesions with significant lipomatous or stromal components and can be associated with significant local toxicity, especially if extravasated. The wider adoption of bleomycin and new interventional techniques such as bleomycin electrosclerotherapy using reversible electroporation and percutaneous thermal ablative modalities has shifted treatment paradigms for challenging cases which are refractory to conventional sclerosants. This article aims to provide an overview of these recent advances in interventional techniques and to highlight the importance of the integration of personalized precision medicine in the multidisciplinary care of children with extracranial vascular malformations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0045-1809627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T18:59:17Z","timestamp":1750186757000},"page":"343-355","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Recent Advances in Interventional Management of Extracranial Vascular Malformations in Children"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2731-2915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.F. Kevin","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7228-6963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moritz","family":"Wildgruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederic J.","family":"Bertino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Radiology Section, Department of Radiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay H.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Interventional Radiology and Image-Guided Medicine, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Nomenclature of vascular anomalies: evolution to the ISSVA 2018 classification system","author":"F Blei","year":"2020"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2024.07.013","article-title":"Targeted treatments for vascular malformations: current state of the art","volume":"22","author":"E Seront","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-020-00528-w","article-title":"New and emerging targeted therapies for vascular malformations","volume":"21","author":"A Van Damme","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.15246","article-title":"An overview of interventional radiology techniques for the diagnosis and management of vascular anomalies: Part 1","volume":"40","author":"M E Scollan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.15224","article-title":"An overview of interventional radiology techniques for the diagnosis and management of vascular anomalies: Part 2","volume":"40","author":"M E Scollan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2013.10.055","article-title":"Ethanol embolotherapy of vascular malformations: clinical outcomes at a single center","volume":"25","author":"R L Vogelzang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s42155-018-0009-1","article-title":"Image guided sclerotherapy for the treatment of venous malformations","volume":"1","author":"J Gorman","year":"2018","journal-title":"CVIR Endovasc"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ro.2019.06.004","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of extracranial vascular malformations in children: arteriovenous malformations, venous malformations, and lymphatic malformations","volume":"54","author":"C M Hawkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Roentgenol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-023-05670-1","article-title":"Contemporary management of extracranial vascular malformations","volume":"53","author":"F J Bertino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s42155-020-00153-y","article-title":"Vascular anomalies: special considerations in children","volume":"3","author":"C R Gibson","year":"2020","journal-title":"CVIR Endovasc"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14132271","article-title":"Neuropathy after sodium tetradecyl sulfate sclerotherapy of venous malformations in children","volume":"274","author":"S Stuart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199907000-00002","article-title":"Sclerotherapy of craniofacial venous malformations: complications and results","volume":"104","author":"B Berenguer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1258\/phleb.2011.011155","article-title":"Intra-arterial injection, a rare but serious complication of sclerotherapy","volume":"28","author":"F Hafner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phlebology"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref15","first-page":"E50","article-title":"Acute compartment syndrome after sclerotherapy for a low-flow vascular malformation","volume":"51","author":"K L Apostle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-90-6-945","article-title":"Bleomycin","volume":"90","author":"J M Bennett","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"3","article-title":"Bleomycin pharmacology: mechanism of action and resistance, and clinical pharmacokinetics","volume":"19","author":"R T Dorr","year":"1992","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270938","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/270938","article-title":"Vascular changes in bleomycin-induced scleroderma","volume":"2011","author":"T Yamamoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12355","article-title":"Bleomycin induces endothelial mesenchymal transition through activation of mTOR pathway: a possible mechanism contributing to the sclerotherapy of venous malformations","volume":"170","author":"W Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2009-0031OC","article-title":"Endothelial-mesenchymal transition in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"43","author":"N Hashimoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-014-0932-z","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of bleomycin sclerotherapy for microcystic lymphatic malformation","volume":"37","author":"G Chaudry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017162076","article-title":"Treatment of early-stage extracranial arteriovenous malformations with intralesional interstitial bleomycin injection: a pilot study","volume":"287","author":"Y Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S2096-6911(21)00084-4","article-title":"Intralesional interstitial injection of bleomycin for management of extracranial arteriovenous malformations in children","volume":"3","author":"Y Zou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2015.05.007","article-title":"Bleomycin foam treatment of venous malformations: a promising agent for effective treatment with minimal swelling","volume":"26","author":"F Ul Haq","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx521","article-title":"ESMO International Consortium Study on the availability, out-of-pocket costs and accessibility of antineoplastic medicines in countries outside of Europe","volume":"28","author":"N I Cherny","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/jppr1998283211","article-title":"Bleomycin sulphate dosing nomenclature","volume":"28","author":"S Poole","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aust J Hosp Pharm"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19870815)60:4<741::AID-CNCR2820600406>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Treatment of cystic hygroma and lymphangioma with the use of bleomycin fat emulsion","volume":"60","author":"N Tanigawa","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000002221","article-title":"Modified method to increase the volume and stability of bleomycin foam: an experimental study","volume":"46","author":"H Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e447","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000000424","article-title":"Bleomycin-associated lung toxicity in childhood cancer survivors","volume":"37","author":"A P Zorzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2005.01.007","article-title":"Bleomycin lung toxicity: who are the patients with increased risk?","volume":"18","author":"E Azambuja","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20161787","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1787","article-title":"Acute lung toxicity after intralesional bleomycin sclerotherapy","volume":"141","author":"A M\u00e9ndez-Echevarr\u00eda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21139","article-title":"Acute pulmonary toxicity following intralesional administration of bleomycin for a lymphovenous malformation","volume":"45","author":"K Atwa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-020-02420-w","article-title":"Fatal lung toxicity after intralesional bleomycin sclerotherapy of a vascular malformation","volume":"43","author":"A L Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-1237(11)60036-1","article-title":"Supplemental oxygen therapy in bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity","volume":"67","author":"R Verma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med J Armed Forces India"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aen395","article-title":"General anaesthesia for intralesional bleomycin therapy of vascular malformations: initial 3 yr experience","volume":"102","author":"G Kessell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2018.10.007","article-title":"Hyperpigmentation after foamed bleomycin sclerotherapy for vascular malformations","volume":"30","author":"H C Milbar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.14869","article-title":"Cutaneous hyperpigmentation following bleomycin sclerotherapy for vascular malformations","volume":"39","author":"K P Davis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001924","article-title":"Intralesional bleomycin injections for vascular malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"137","author":"S ER Horbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-7372(03)00073-2","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy: results of cancer treatment using enhanced delivery of bleomycin by electroporation","volume":"29","author":"A Gothelf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29030139","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy is effective in the treatment of bone metastases","volume":"29","author":"L Campanacci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-5379(91)90064-K","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy potentiation of antitumour effect of bleomycin by local electric pulses","volume":"27","author":"L M Mir","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2019.10.013","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy for advanced cutaneous angiosarcoma: a European register-based cohort study from the International Network for Sharing Practices of electrochemotherapy (InspECT)","volume":"72","author":"L G Campana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.24287","article-title":"Local treatment with electrochemotherapy of superficial angiosarcomas: efficacy and safety results from a multi-institutional retrospective study","volume":"114","author":"M Guida","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(98)00426-2","article-title":"Tumour blood flow changes induced by application of electric pulses","volume":"35","author":"G Sersa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604168","article-title":"Vascular disrupting action of electroporation and electrochemotherapy with bleomycin in murine sarcoma","volume":"98","author":"G Sersa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1586\/era.10.43","article-title":"Antivascular effects of electrochemotherapy: implications in treatment of bleeding metastases","volume":"10","author":"T Jarm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.02.032","article-title":"Increased permeability of blood vessels after reversible electroporation is facilitated by alterations in endothelial cell-to-cell junctions","volume":"276","author":"B Markelc","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e59557","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059557","article-title":"Differential mechanisms associated with vascular disrupting action of electrochemotherapy: intravital microscopy on the level of single normal and tumor blood vessels","volume":"8","author":"B Markelc","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2017.10.002","article-title":"Bleomycin electrosclerotherapy: new treatment to manage vascular malformations","volume":"55","author":"L McMorrow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2020.09.009","article-title":"Bleomycin electrosclerotherapy in therapy-resistant venous malformations of the body","volume":"9","author":"W A Wohlgemuth","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000003220","article-title":"Bleomycin electrosclerotherapy treatment in the management of vascular malformations","volume":"48","author":"M Kostusiak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-221683","article-title":"Individualized treatment of congenital vascular malformations of the tongue","volume":"83","author":"M Guntau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Hemorheol Microcirc"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-024-03693-1","article-title":"Interdisciplinary treatment of macroglossia due to a microcystic lymphatic malformation with bleomycin electrosclerotherapy followed by partial resection","volume":"47","author":"J H Loeser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6425","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-024-10723-6","article-title":"Outcome of bleomycin electrosclerotherapy of slow-flow malformations in adults and children","volume":"34","author":"V F Schmidt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.2478\/raon-2024-0061","article-title":"Current operating procedure (COP) for bleomycin electrosclerotherapy (BEST) of low-flow vascular malformations","volume":"58","author":"T Muir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiol Oncol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000002191","article-title":"Electrosclerotherapy as a novel treatment option for hypertrophic capillary malformations: a randomized controlled pilot trial","volume":"46","author":"S ER Horbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.13837","article-title":"Non-involuting congenital hemangiomas (NICH) with postnatal atypical growth: a case series","volume":"36","author":"M L Cossio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e227","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000001406","article-title":"Surgical management of fibroadipose vascular anomaly of the lower extremities","volume":"40","author":"K K Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2010.08.006","article-title":"Management of lymphatic malformations","volume":"38","author":"A K Greene","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2024.162146","article-title":"Short-term postoperative complications of lymphatic malformation surgical excision: a 20-year institutional review","volume":"60","author":"O A Keane","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1604453","article-title":"Percutaneous image-guided cryoablation in vascular anomalies","volume":"34","author":"R Shaikh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.10963.x","article-title":"Management of venous malformations with percutaneous radiofrequency thermal ablation","volume":"167","author":"Y Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1097\/01.RVI.0000157245.60426.7B","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation for treatment of symptomatic low-flow vascular malformations after previous unsuccessful therapy","volume":"16","author":"E van der Linden","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146972","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1146972","article-title":"Microwave ablation with hydrodissection used for the treatment of vascular malformations: effectiveness and safety study","volume":"14","author":"L Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345904","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1345904","article-title":"Ultrasonography-guided radiofrequency ablation of vascular malformations - the moving shot technique","volume":"10","author":"P B Sporns","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2022.11.003","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided microwave ablation of soft tissue venous malformations","volume":"11","author":"H H Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2013.01.001","article-title":"Experience at 1 year with the moving tip technique of radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of symptomatic venous malformations in the head and neck","volume":"1","author":"H K Ko","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2022.04.010","article-title":"Cryoablation of venous malformations: a systematic review","volume":"33","author":"A Fish","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2016.05.027","article-title":"Treatment of residual facial arteriovenous malformations after embolization with percutaneous cryotherapy","volume":"27","author":"S Woolen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"S 02","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-010-9931-x","article-title":"Novel application of percutaneous cryotherapy for the treatment of recurrent oral bleeding from a noninvoluting congenital hemangioma involving the right buccal space and maxillary tuberosity","volume":"34","author":"S Salehian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1387198","article-title":"Minimally invasive treatment of a painful osteolytic lumbar lesion secondary to epithelioid hemangioendothelioma","volume":"5","author":"A S Sebastian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-023-03523-w","article-title":"Cryoablation for bone and soft tissue lesions in pediatric patients: complications and preventive measures","volume":"46","author":"K K Shashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2023.113579","article-title":"Vascular anomalies care in the United States: a cross-sectional national survey","volume":"261","author":"S Cohen-Cutler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"S 03","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28863","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.28863","article-title":"How we established a multidisciplinary program for vascular anomalies","volume":"69","author":"A J Borst","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3740","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133740","article-title":"Nosological and theragnostic approach to vascular malformation through cfDNA NGS liquid biopsy","volume":"11","author":"V B Serio","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/s41436-020-00943-8","article-title":"Cell-free DNA as a diagnostic analyte for molecular diagnosis of vascular malformations","volume":"23","author":"K Zenner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genet Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1637","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200109","article-title":"Endoluminal biopsy for molecular profiling of human brain vascular malformations","volume":"98","author":"E Winkler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2019.06.217","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of sirolimus in the treatment of vascular anomalies: a systematic review","volume":"71","author":"C Freixo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099328","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1099328","article-title":"Vascular malformations: an overview of their molecular pathways, detection of mutational profiles and subsequent targets for drug therapy","volume":"14","author":"A Mansur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318145","article-title":"Genetic basis and therapies for vascular anomalies","volume":"129","author":"A Queisser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2019180136","article-title":"Congenital limb overgrowth syndromes associated with vascular anomalies","volume":"39","author":"F Bertino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiographics"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Interventional Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0045-1809627.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:31:52Z","timestamp":1760135512000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0045-1809627"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0045-1809627","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0739-9529","1098-8963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0739-9529","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-8963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}}}