{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T14:35:42Z","timestamp":1770302142598,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Colon Rectal Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Anal dysplasia, primarily caused by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, presents as a precursor to anal cancer (AC), especially among high-risk populations such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals. This review evaluates evidence for the treatment of anal intraepithelial neoplasia, focusing on recent advancements in the context of the Anal Cancer\/HSIL Outcomes Research Study (ANCHOR) trial which demonstrates that active treatment of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions markedly reduced progression to AC. This affirms the value of proactive treatment strategies over passive monitoring. Furthermore, we will discuss various treatment modalities, including topical agents, electrocautery, and HPV vaccination, and their efficacy and limitations. This review underscores the necessity of integrating screening and targeted interventions, particularly for high-risk groups, to reduce AC incidence. Future research should aim to validate these findings across broader demographic groups, refining public health policies and clinical guidelines to include effective screening and treatment protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0045-1809891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T19:52:37Z","timestamp":1751399557000},"page":"138-143","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evidence for Anal Dysplasia Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Luiz Felipe","family":"de Campos-Lobato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Bras\u00edlia School of Medicine, Bras\u00edlia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arielle E.","family":"Kanters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorectal Surgery Department, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulo Gon\u00e7alves","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Bras\u00edlia School of Medicine, Bras\u00edlia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"de Castro Dur\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorectal Surgery Department, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000193","article-title":"The estimated lifetime probability of acquiring human papillomavirus in the United States","volume":"41","author":"H W Chesson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24215","article-title":"Human papillomavirus type distribution in anal cancer and anal intraepithelial lesions","volume":"124","author":"B E Hoots","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djz219","article-title":"Recent trends in squamous cell carcinoma of the anus incidence and mortality in the United States, 2001-2015","volume":"112","author":"A A Deshmukh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref5","first-page":"12","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2024","volume":"74","author":"R L Siegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2201048","article-title":"Treatment of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions to prevent anal cancer","volume":"386","author":"J M Palefsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref7","first-page":"405","article-title":"Preneoplastic anal lesions and anal canal carcinoma [in French]","volume":"90","author":"C Ortholan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull Cancer"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.3390\/v7072802","article-title":"Human papillomaviruses; epithelial tropisms, and the development of neoplasia","volume":"7","author":"N Egawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3281c61201","article-title":"Anal squamous intraepithelial lesions and condyloma in HIV-infected heterosexual men, homosexual men and women: prevalence and associated factors","volume":"21","author":"L Abramowitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0123029","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123029","article-title":"Tobacco smoke activates human papillomavirus 16 p97 promoter and cooperates with high-risk E6\/E7 for oxidative DNA damage in lung cells","volume":"10","author":"N Pe\u00f1a","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy556","article-title":"Type-specific anal human papillomavirus prevalence among men, according to sexual preference and HIV status: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"219","author":"E Marra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref12","first-page":"654","article-title":"Effizienz der rektal-digitalen Untersuchung zur Fr\u00fcherkennung des Dickdarmkarzinoms. 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