{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T22:54:30Z","timestamp":1757631270025,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":71,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epistaxis is a common otorhinolaryngological emergency, usually caused by digital trauma in children, and hypertension in the elderly. General practitioners in emergency rooms assist most of the cases without specific management.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Describe suitable properties for efficient nasal packing in adult epistaxis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Two cadaver heads, preserved by freezing process, were thawed for this research. When the room temperature was reached, the nasal cavities were evaluated by a nasal endoscope, which showed a length of 4.0\u2009\u00d7\u200911.0\u2009cm for the male and 4.0\u2009\u00d7\u20098.5\u2009cm for the female head. Through an orifice made in the left maxillary bone to access the maxillary sinus, a blue-dyed saline solution was applied using a sphygmomanometer (Premium) to control and mimic blood pressure. The nasal cavity was first packed with two foams with different thicknesses and densities evolved by a condom, then packed by the Merocel packing (Medtronicent Surgical Products Inc.). The pressure was administered and gradually increased until a saline leak was observed in the oropharynx. The best way to insert tampons was also evaluated to avoid extensive trauma.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Despite the difficulty of the application being similar in both nasal packings made with the condom and foam, t33-densityity foam, 2.0\u2009cm thick and 11.0\u2009cm lon resisted to a higher pressure (250mmHg) than the commercial packing Merocel (220mmHg).<\/jats:p><jats:p>The most suitable foam for packaging wrapped with condoms is 2.0\u2009cm thick, as it supported the blood pressure commonly found in epistaxis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0045-1809999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T23:16:14Z","timestamp":1757546174000},"page":"001-005","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nasal Foam Packing for Epistaxis: What are the Ideal Characteristics?"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0854-7137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavio","family":"Serafini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Taubat\u00e9 (UNITAU), Taubat\u00e9, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabele Campos","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Taubat\u00e9 (UNITAU), Taubat\u00e9, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Minhoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Taubat\u00e9 (UNITAU), Taubat\u00e9, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7792-9619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Luiza Figueira","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Taubat\u00e9 (UNITAU), Taubat\u00e9, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"03","key":"ref1","first-page":"48","article-title":"Abordagem atual das hemorragias nasais","volume":"11","author":"R C Meirelles","year":"2014","journal-title":"HUPE Journal."},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Protocolo cl\u00ednico e de regula\u00e7\u00e3o para epistaxe","author":"F CP Valera","year":"2012"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-42301999000200017","article-title":"Tratamento da epistaxe","volume":"45","author":"A PS Balbani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev Assoc Med Bras"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-72992002000400009","article-title":"Ligadura endosc\u00f3pica endonasal da art\u00e9ria esfenopalatina para epistaxe severa","volume":"68","author":"R P Santos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epistaxe: da etiologia ao manejo","volume":"35","author":"L S Pezzin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Medica (Porto Alegre)"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref6","first-page":"381","article-title":"Epistaxis: Prevailing Factors and Treatment","volume":"13","author":"M MD Secchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref7","first-page":"689","article-title":"Epistaxis \u2013 Assessment of Aetiology and Effectiveness of Treatment Modalities","volume":"9","author":"A Rehman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pak J Med Health Sci"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epistaxe","volume":"37","author":"F F Laranjeira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Medica (Porto Alegre)"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Otolaryngology","author":"J A Pfaff","year":"2018"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4486.2008.01795.x","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of idiopathic epistaxis in adults: how we do it","volume":"33","author":"A Daudia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1590\/S1808-86942009000600015","article-title":"Desfecho cl\u00ednico de pacientes tratados por epistaxe com tamponamento nasal ap\u00f3s a alta hospitalar","volume":"75","author":"M Faistauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wjorl.2019.11.001","article-title":"Determining the hospital cost of anterior epistaxis treatment modalities at a Canadian tertiary care centre","volume":"5","author":"H Nithianandan","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8272914","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8272914","article-title":"Merocel Surgicel Wrap Technique to Manage Diffuse Epistaxis in Patients with Comorbidities","volume":"2020","author":"W M Alshehri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100134218","article-title":"The use of Merocel nasal packs in the treatment of epistaxis","volume":"110","author":"M B Pringle","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref15","first-page":"114","article-title":"Severe epistaxis: clinical treatment","volume":"4","author":"H F Abreu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Archives of the Foundation of Otolaryngology."}],"container-title":["International Archives of 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