{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:42:55Z","timestamp":1790707375543,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia 2024 in the Schema Penelitian Tesis Magister","award":["040\/E5\/PG.02.00.PL\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["040\/E5\/PG.02.00.PL\/2024"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia 2024 in the Schema Penelitian Tesis Magister","award":["1629\/B\/UN3.LPPM\/PT.01.03\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1629\/B\/UN3.LPPM\/PT.01.03\/2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major contributing pathogen in periodontitis and triggers an inflammatory response that leads to tissue damage, primarily through the activation of proinflammatory cytokines such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB) and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1). Saussurea costus, a medicinal plant known for its anti-inflammatory properties, offers a potential alternative to prevent inflammation. This study explores the effects of S. costus nanoparticles on inflammation in periodontitis, specifically examining their ability to reduce the expression of NF-\u03baB and TNF-\u03b1.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Twenty male Wistar rats were injected with P. gingivalis into the central incisor region of the mandible to induce periodontitis. The rats were then treated with S. costus nanoparticles, alongside a control group. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to assess the expression of NF-\u03baB and TNF-\u03b1 at two time points: 2 and 5 days posttreatment. Bone and lower anterior gingival sulcus tissues were analyzed for immunohistochemical expression of these markers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal\u2013Wallis and Mann\u2013Whitney U tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Treatment with S. costus nanoparticles resulted in significantly lower expressions of NF-\u03baB and TNF-\u03b1 compared with the control group at both 2 and 5 days posttreatment (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The S. costus nanoparticles effectively reduced NF-\u03baB and TNF-\u03b1 expression in periodontitis, with a more pronounced effect observed on day 5 compared with day 2, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent in managing periodontal inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0045-1810069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T23:17:41Z","timestamp":1754608661000},"page":"663-668","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of Saussurea costus Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Periodontitis: Impact on NF-\u03baB and TNF-\u03b1 Expression"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Azzahra Salsabila Adira","family":"Moelyanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magister Program for Dental Health Science, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ira","family":"Arundina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresia Indah","family":"Budhy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Maxillofacial, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6052-2287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meircurius Dwi Condro","family":"Surboyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aqsa Sjuhada","family":"Oki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng Hwee","family":"Ming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Physiology, Faculty of Medicine. University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.21-0469","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of periodontitis from 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019","volume":"93","author":"L Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13622","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and periodontitis among adults: the 2018 Indonesia National Health Survey","volume":"49","author":"C MA Santoso","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref3","first-page":"1539","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis in the development of periodontitis: impact on dysbiosis and inflammation","volume":"77","author":"A Gasmi Benahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Razi Inst"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32603-y","article-title":"Impact of Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidylarginine deiminase on bacterial biofilm formation, epithelial cell invasion, and epithelial cell transcriptional landscape","volume":"8","author":"A Aliko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101173","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence factors and clinical significance in periodontal disease and coronary artery diseases","volume":"11","author":"L H Aleksijevi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17023","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2017.23","article-title":"NF-\u03baB signaling in inflammation","volume":"2","author":"T Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.521161","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide activates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated NF-\u03baB signaling pathway and proinflammatory response in human pericytes","volume":"289","author":"I Guijarro-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2021.001","article-title":"Recent advances of therapeutic targets for the treatment of periodontal disease","volume":"29","author":"W J Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomol Ther (Seoul)"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1039\/D0MD00424C","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis: where do we stand in our battle against this oral pathogen?","volume":"12","author":"K C Howard","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Med Chem"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020667","article-title":"Anti-struvite, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Saussurea costus (Falc) Lipsch Asteraceae","volume":"28","author":"N Mammate","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.11.145","article-title":"Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Saussurea genus (Saussurea lappa, Saussurea costus, Saussurea obvallata, Saussurea involucrata)","volume":"56","author":"J Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater Today Proc"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.56711\/jms.v3i2.980","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Qust Al Hindi plant root (Saussurea lappa) against bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by TLC: bioautography","volume":"3","author":"F Muthia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Microbiol Sci"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20230059","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765202320230059","article-title":"Investigation of antibacterial and antifungal activity of Saussurea costus root extracts","volume":"95","author":"G S Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"An Acad Bras Cienc"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3923\/ijp.2017.481.487","article-title":"Phytochemical studies, antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activities of herbal medicinal plants costus and cidir used in Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"H S Alnahdi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e37790","article-title":"Current and potential future biological uses of Saussurea costus (Falc.) 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