{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:37:11Z","timestamp":1760661431325,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Eustachian tube is a pressure-equalizing structure, also called the auditory tube, connecting the middle ear to the nasopharynx. Eustachian tube dysfunction is a leading cause of middle-ear infections leading to tympanic-membrane perforation. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the Eustachian tube functioning before determining the management to avoid recurrent middle-ear infections.<\/jats:p><jats:p>To compare the functional assessment of the Eustachian tube by measuring pressure changes in patients with tympanic-membrane perforation, during the Toynbee test. The effectiveness of wet versus dry swallowing, ease of swallowing, and test-retest reliability for both conditions were examined.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The study included 52 ears with tympanic-membrane perforations. The Toynbee test involved applying positive pressure to the ear canal while participants performed dry and wet swallowing maneuvers to measure the resulting pressure changes (in daPa). Subjective difficulty ratings were obtained using a 10-point Likert-scale for both swallowing conditions. Additionally, test-retest reliability for each swallowing condition was evaluated in 20 ears.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The pressure changes observed between the open and closed phases during both swallowing conditions differed significantly. Wet swallowing exhibited a larger initial pressure change than dry swallowing (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Participants rated wet swallowing as significantly easier in contrast to dry swallowing. Additionally, the test-retest reliability for wet swallowing was good (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]\u2009=\u20090.737\u20130.876), while it was poor for dry swallowing (ICC\u2009=\u20090.282\u20130.350).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Wet swallowing reliably assesses the Eustachian tube's function in tympanic-membrane perforation cases to aid in informed decision making on the possible method of tympanoplasty.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0045-1811253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T23:31:27Z","timestamp":1760657487000},"page":"001-006","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Evaluation of Wet and Dry Swallowing in Assessing Eustachian Tube Function in Tympanic Membrane Perforation"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Suresh","family":"Kruthika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSS Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysuru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8563-6528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeevan","family":"Govindaraju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSS Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysuru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5161-1368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hemanth N.","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSS Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysuru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"07","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27193","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.27193","article-title":"The eustachian tube dysfunction in children: anatomical considerations and current trends in invasive therapeutic approaches","volume":"14","author":"A K Goulioumis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9070317","article-title":"Development of an in vivo model for Eustachian tube dysfunction","volume":"9","author":"N Oppel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineering (Basel)"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.36347\/sjams.2023.v11i03.028","article-title":"Etiological Assessment of Tympanic Perforations: Case of the ENT Departement of Sikasso Hospital","volume":"11","author":"O Kalifa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2024.v17i3.48870","article-title":"Comparison between endoscopic and microscopic type 1 tympanoplasty using temporalis fascia graft","volume":"17","author":"S S Poojyata","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J Pharm Clin Res"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"Eustachian tube dysfunction","author":"S Hamrang-Yousefi","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"A study of hearing improvement gained after tympanoplasty using various methods in cases of CSOM [Master's thesis]","author":"F Muqtadir","year":"2013"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-019-01637-7","article-title":"A systematic literature review of the safety and efficacy of eustachian balloon tuboplasty in patients with chronic eustachian tube dysfunction","volume":"71","author":"N Ramakrishnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001249","article-title":"Usefulness of the saccharin test for assessment of eustachian tube function in patients with chronic otitis media with perforation","volume":"38","author":"M Ikehata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1177\/000348947908800504","article-title":"Airflow through the eustachian tube","volume":"88","author":"E I Cantekin","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488509119147","article-title":"The effect of pressure change rate on the eustachian tube function in pressure chamber tests","volume":"99","author":"P Groth","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1258\/0022215054797970","article-title":"Comparison of effects of dry versus wet swallowing on Eustachian tube function via a nine-step inflation\/deflation test","volume":"119","author":"M K Adali","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14061","article-title":"A visual analogue scale and a Likert scale are simple and responsive tools for assessing dysphagia in eosinophilic oesophagitis","volume":"45","author":"C C Reed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.12428","article-title":"Tests of Eustachian tube function: a review","volume":"40","author":"M E Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001375","article-title":"Tests of Eustachian Tube Function: the Effect of Testing Technique on Tube Opening in Healthy Ears","volume":"38","author":"M E Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Otol 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