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However, growing evidence from both basic and clinical research has highlighted the additional importance of the cerebellum, suggesting that dystonia arises from a motor-network dysfunction involving not only the basal ganglia, but also the cerebellum. Neuroimaging studies reinforce this concept, revealing structural and functional abnormalities in the cerebellum and its afferent pathways in patients with dystonia. Moreover, the dual involvement of the cerebellum and basal ganglia may help explain the frequent co-occurrence of dystonia in patients with ataxia and vice versa. The present review aims to integrate evidence from pathophysiology, clinical studies, genetics, and neuroimaging to underscore the crucial role of the cerebellum in the genesis of dystonia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0045-1814368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T23:54:24Z","timestamp":1766447664000},"page":"001-009","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The cerebellum in dystonia: key player or background support?"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3533-0347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Henrique Ferreira","family":"Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Medicina Interna, Disciplina de Doen\u00e7as Neurodegenerativas, Curitiba PR, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4045-1178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9lio Afonso Ghizoni","family":"Teive","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Medicina Interna, Disciplina de Doen\u00e7as Neurodegenerativas, Curitiba PR, Brazil."},{"name":"Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Departamento de Cl\u00ednica M\u00e9dica, Servi\u00e7o de Neurologia, Curitiba PR, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"07","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x20140056","article-title":"Evolution of the concept of dystonia","volume":"72","author":"C H Camargo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30220","article-title":"Definition and Classification of Dystonia","volume":"40","author":"A Albanese","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000246112.19504.61","article-title":"A new twist on the anatomy of dystonia: the basal ganglia and the cerebellum?","volume":"67","author":"H A Jinnah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn168","article-title":"The basal ganglia and cerebellum interact in the expression of dystonic movement","volume":"131","author":"V K Neychev","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"1090","article-title":"\u00dcber eine eigenartige Krampfkrankheit des kindlichen und jugendlichen Alters (Dysbasia lordotica progressiva, Dystonia musculorum deformans)","volume":"30","author":"H Oppenheim","year":"1911","journal-title":"Neurol Centrabl"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e210051","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000210051","article-title":"Functional Neurologic Disorder, La L\u00e9sion Dynamique: 2024 Wartenberg Lecture","volume":"103","author":"M Hallett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"Eine eigntumliche tonische Krampfform mit hysterischen Symptomen","author":"M W Schwalbe","year":"1908"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7916\/D8TT4PPH","article-title":"Early Controversies over Athetosis: I. 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