{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T22:59:36Z","timestamp":1785452376407,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Asian J Neurosurg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Villaret syndrome (VS) is a rare condition characterized by concurrent involvement of cranial nerves (CNs) IX\u2013XII and the cervical sympathetic chain, suggesting a pathological process in the retrostyloid compartment. We conducted a systematic review to synthesize current knowledge regarding etiologies, clinical presentation, management strategies, and CN outcomes. A systematic search was performed across the PubMed and Scopus databases up to January 2025, in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We included all case reports and case series describing patients with clinically and\/or radiologically confirmed VS. Twelve studies met inclusion criteria. Data were extracted regarding demographics, etiology, onset modality, imaging findings, treatment strategies, and clinical outcomes. Among the 13 identified patients (mean age 48.7 years), neoplastic causes were most common (58.3%), followed by vascular (25%) and infectious\/inflammatory etiologies (16.7%). The most frequent mode of onset was subacute (58.3%), and MRI was the preferred imaging modality in all cases. Conservative management (including steroids or antithrombotic therapy) was used in 41.6% of cases, while 33.3% underwent surgery. Complete or near-complete recovery was observed in 50% of patients, predominantly those with vascular or inflammatory etiologies. Neoplastic VS was associated with poorer outcomes. VS, although rare, should be recognized early and should prompt the clinician to use modern imaging modalities to search for a pathological process in the retrostyloid compartment. Given its rarity and complexity in most cases, the treatment strategy should be tailored to each specific patient and involve a multidisciplinary team of physicians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0046-1817058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T01:51:52Z","timestamp":1772243512000},"page":"452-462","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Villaret Syndrome: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Anis","family":"Choucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique - H\u00f4pitaux de Marseille, H\u00f4pital de la Timone, Marseille, France"},{"name":"Division of Biomechanics and Application, Laboratory of Biomechanics and Application, UMRT24, Gustave Eiffel University, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malick","family":"Sagenly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8172-6134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"De Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, Baronissi, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, University Hospital \u201cSan Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona,\u201d Salerno, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Neuroanatomy, Neuroanatomy Unit, BrainLab, Mercato San Severino, Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anis","family":"Mansourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique - H\u00f4pitaux de Marseille, H\u00f4pital de la Timone, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manel","family":"Krouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique - H\u00f4pitaux de Marseille, H\u00f4pital de la Timone, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawel","family":"\u0141aczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Medical University of Katowice, Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7135-2220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoichi","family":"Morofuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Showa Medical University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3047-4234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"Beucler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Department, Sainte-Anne Military Teaching Hospital, Toulon Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1787050","article-title":"Combined deficit of the four lower cranial nerves also known as the syndrome of Collet\u2013Sicard: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"N Beucler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-024-02298-z","article-title":"Collet\u2013Sicard syndrome: prelude to a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"N Beucler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"188","article-title":"Le syndrome nerveux de l'espace r\u00e9tro-parotidien post\u00e9rieur","volume":"23","author":"M Villaret","year":"1916","journal-title":"Rev Neurol 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Maxwell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol"}],"container-title":["Asian Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0046-1817058.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T22:38:32Z","timestamp":1785451112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0046-1817058"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0046-1817058","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1793-5482","2248-9614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1793-5482","type":"print"},{"value":"2248-9614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]}}}