{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:14:53Z","timestamp":1783556093850,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Dent"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Oral mucositis (OM) is an oral mucosal inflammation induced by radiotherapy\/chemotherapy, which is characterized by erythema, edema, and oral ulceration that significantly reduce patients' quality of life. Several pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are involved in the pathophysiological stage of OM. Natural flavonoids, for instance, apigenin and luteolin, have demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of apigenin and luteolin through an in silico molecular docking approach targeting key inflammatory mediators, including IL-6, NF-\u03baB, and COX-2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Three-dimensional structures of the ligands and target proteins were obtained from public databases and prepared for docking simulations using validated computational tools. Binding affinity, interaction profiles, and stability of ligand\u2013protein complexes were analyzed to determine inhibitory potential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The docking results demonstrated favorable binding energies of both apigenin and luteolin toward IL-6, NF-\u03baB, and COX-2, with multiple hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions stabilizing the complexes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>These findings suggest that apigenin and luteolin may modulate inflammatory signaling pathways involved in OM and could serve as promising candidates for further in vitro and in vivo investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0046-1824748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T23:21:31Z","timestamp":1783552891000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anti-inflammatory Potential of Apigenin and Luteolin in Oral Mucositis: An In Silico Docking Study Targeting IL-6, NF-\u03baB, and COX-2"],"prefix":"10.1055","author":[{"given":"Abu","family":"Bakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Baiturrahmah University, Padang, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5295-7651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valendriyani","family":"Ningrum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Baiturrahmah University, Padang, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"07","key":"ref1","first-page":"e13774","article-title":"Citric acid and enzyme-assisted modification of flavonoids from celery (Apium graveolens) extract and their anti-inflammatory activity in HMC-1.2 cells","volume":"45","author":"D N Che","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Food Biochem"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2024.25.6.2069","article-title":"Targeting oral cancer: in silico docking studies of phytochemicals on oncogenic molecular markers","volume":"25","author":"G Sukumaran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"27","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23083","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c00336","article-title":"Insights into the interaction between polyphenols and \u03b2-lactoglobulin through molecular docking, MD simulation, and QM\/MM approaches","volume":"7","author":"I Baruah","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030811","article-title":"Effect of luteolin and apigenin on the production of Il-31 and Il-33 in lipopolysaccharides-activated microglia cells and their mechanism of action","volume":"12","author":"D N Che","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0130599","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130599","article-title":"Luteolin and apigenin attenuate 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mediated cell death through modulation of UPR, Nrf2-ARE and MAPK pathways in PC12 cells","volume":"10","author":"P S Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-021-00844-5","article-title":"Active components from Lagotis brachystachya maintain uric acid homeostasis by inhibiting renal TLR4-NLRP3 signaling in hyperuricemic mice","volume":"29","author":"J X Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4120","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.24289","article-title":"Luteolin, apigenin, and chrysin inhibit lipotoxicity-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and autophagy damage in macrophages by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"39","author":"C W Lo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71236","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71236","article-title":"Renoprotective role and mechanisms of luteolin in chronic kidney disease: insights from NHANES data, network pharmacology, mendelian randomization, and molecular docking techniques","volume":"13","author":"M Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-025-01527-w","article-title":"Computational analysis of luteolin, apigenin and their derivatives from Allophylus africanus as potential inhibitors of plasmepsin II a malaria target","volume":"19","author":"I Abubakari","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Chem"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395316","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/395316","article-title":"The herbal drug Melampyrum pratense L. (Koch): isolation and identification of its bioactive compounds targeting mediators of inflammation","volume":"2013","author":"S Vogl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2020.v13i9.38485","article-title":"Molecular docking studies on screening and assessment of selected bioflavonoids as potential inhibitors of COVID-19 main protease","volume":"13","author":"S Suryawanshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J Pharm Clin Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4103\/ejgd.ejgd_30_19","article-title":"Treatment and prevention of oral mucositis: a literature review","volume":"8","author":"P Ahmad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Gen Dent"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W363","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky473","article-title":"CASTp 3.0: computed atlas of surface topography of proteins","volume":"46","author":"W Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.56499\/jppres_14.1.2394","article-title":"GC-MS profiling and in silico multi-target docking of carvone, p-cymene, and linalool from Cuminum cyminum seeds extract against breast cancer proteins","volume":"14","author":"I Na'ilah","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacogn Res"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref15","first-page":"41","article-title":"The effect of luteolin 7-glucoside, apigenin 7-glucoside and Succisa pratensis extracts on NF-\u03baB activation and \u03b1-amylase activity in HepG2 cells","volume":"67","author":"E Witkowska-Banaszczak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Pol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0138710","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138710","article-title":"Suppression of NF-\u03baB and NF-\u03baB-regulated gene expression by apigenin through I\u03baB\u03b1 and IKK pathway in TRAMP mice","volume":"10","author":"S Shukla","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0139338","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139338","article-title":"Pedilanthus tithymaloides inhibits HSV infection by modulating NF-\u03baB signaling","volume":"10","author":"D Ojha","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.20281","article-title":"Modulation of UVB-induced and basal cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression by apigenin in mouse keratinocytes: role of USF transcription factors","volume":"46","author":"R T Van Dross","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Carcinog"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010251","article-title":"Resources for human health from the plant kingdom: the potential role of the flavonoid apigenin in cancer counteraction","volume":"25","author":"L Fossatelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22030334","article-title":"Luteolin inhibits fibrillary \u03b2-amyloid1-40-induced inflammation in a human blood-brain barrier model by suppressing the p38 MAPK-mediated NF-\u03baB signaling pathways","volume":"22","author":"J X Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2019.13.6.473","article-title":"Luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside protect against acute liver injury through regulation of inflammatory mediators and antioxidative enzymes in GalN\/LPS-induced hepatitic ICR mice","volume":"13","author":"C M Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr Res Pract"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621367","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1621367","article-title":"Luteolin as a multifaceted immunomodulator: insights into its effects on diverse immune cell populations and therapeutic implications","volume":"16","author":"X Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040883","article-title":"Molecular targets and mechanisms of 6,7-dihydroxy-2,4-dimethoxyphenanthrene from Chinese yam modulating NF-\u03baB\/COX-2 signaling pathway: the application of molecular docking and gene silencing","volume":"15","author":"C Nie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5037","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27155037","article-title":"Sophorolipid suppresses LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells through the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"27","author":"R Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-020-02610-w","article-title":"Screening of potent drug inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase: an in silico approach","volume":"11","author":"S K Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1002\/jccs.70020","article-title":"In silico insights into dual COX inhibition by fluoro-substituted indole derivative using DFT, molecular docking, and MD simulation studies","volume":"72","author":"M Pal","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Chin Chem Soc (Taipei)"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v22i7.6","article-title":"Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies on the effect of baicalein on breast and ovarian cancers","volume":"22","author":"X Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop J Pharm Res"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27072346","article-title":"Computational analysis and biological activities of oxyresveratrol analogues, the putative cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors","volume":"27","author":"N Jongkon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70276","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202401972RRR","article-title":"Identification of apigenin as a multi-target inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2 by computational exploration","volume":"38","author":"J Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202200089","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202200089","article-title":"Cinnamaldehyde ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice by modulating TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"20","author":"X Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem Biodivers"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11030437","article-title":"Extra virgin olive oil extracts of indigenous southern tuscany cultivar act as anti-inflammatory and vasorelaxant nutraceuticals","volume":"11","author":"L Pozzetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0046-1824748.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T23:21:35Z","timestamp":1783552895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0046-1824748"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"references-count":31,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0046-1824748","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1305-7456","1305-7464"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1305-7456","type":"print"},{"value":"1305-7464","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]}}}