{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T23:09:07Z","timestamp":1784070547979,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":43,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arq Neuropsiquiatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The amygdala is a central structure of the limbic system. For several decades, volumetric asymmetries of the amygdala have been described, initially associated with psychiatric disorders. In epilepsy, a growing literature highlights the distinctive features of amygdala enlargement (AE), considering that since its original description, diagnosis has been primarily radiological. The objective of the present work is to demonstrate, through reviews of existing academic publications and through our experience, that its function goes beyond imaging, contemplating a defined clinical, electrographic, and histopathological pattern that responds to both medical and surgical treatment. Therefore, it would be an entity that extends beyond a reactive phenomenon. In conclusion, AE would be a specific syndrome defined with particular characteristics that extends beyond a reactive mechanism secondary to adjacent epileptogenic networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0046-1825522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T22:58:40Z","timestamp":1784069920000},"page":"001-009","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epilepsy and amygdalar enlargement: cause or consequence?"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9551-7823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Hardaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital de Agudos Dr Ram\u00f3n Madariaga, Neurology Service, Misiones, Argentina."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9683-3570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Ariel","family":"Miquelini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Brit\u00e1nico, Department of Neurology, Buenos Aires, Argentina."},{"name":"Hospital Italiano, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Buenos Aires, Argentina."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8165-3334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico S\u00e1nchez","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn, Department of Neurology, Buenos Aires, Argentina."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3060-6066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Belvel Fernandes","family":"Lastoria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn, Department of Neurology, Buenos Aires, Argentina."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5118-5224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yemina Soledad","family":"Neme Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Brit\u00e1nico, Department of Neurology, Buenos Aires, Argentina."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6094-9937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Lagger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica Argentina, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5604-975X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Brit\u00e1nico, Department of Neurology, Buenos Aires, Argentina."},{"name":"Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn, Department of Neurology, Buenos Aires, Argentina."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2013.00027","article-title":"Evolutionary development of the amygdaloid complex","volume":"7","author":"M Pabba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.09.028","article-title":"Abnormal structure or function of the amygdala is a common component of neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"49","author":"C M Schumann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4461-10.2011","article-title":"Value encoding in single neurons in the human amygdala during decision making","volume":"31","author":"R L Jenison","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref4","first-page":"2379","article-title":"Neurobiological Evidences, Functional and Emotional Aspects Associated with the Amygdala: From \u201cWhat is it?\u201d to \u201cWhat's to be done?\u201d","volume":"9","author":"M Gongora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry (London)"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769825","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/769825","article-title":"Microsurgical anatomy of the temporal lobe and its implications on temporal lobe epilepsy surgery","volume":"2012","author":"B Kucukyuruk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res Treat"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199909000-00028","article-title":"Microsurgical anatomy of the temporal lobe: part 1: mesial temporal lobe anatomy and its vascular relationships as applied to amygdalohippocampectomy","volume":"45","author":"H T Wen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref7","first-page":"677","article-title":"MR imaging of the temporal stem: anatomic dissection tractography of the uncinate fasciculus, inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus, and Meyer's loop of the optic radiation","volume":"25","author":"E L Kier","year":"2004","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00002.2003","article-title":"The amygdaloid complex: anatomy and physiology","volume":"83","author":"P Sah","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref9","first-page":"281","article-title":"Volumetric asymmetry in the human amygdaloid complex","volume":"28","author":"G M Murphy Jr","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Hirnforsch"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.42.9.1743","article-title":"Anatomic basis of amygdaloid and hippocampal volume measurement by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"42","author":"C Watson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.06.006","article-title":"Automatic hippocampus segmentation of 7.0\u2009Tesla MR images by combining multiple atlases and auto-context models","volume":"83","author":"M Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.04.017","article-title":"Abnormal size of the amygdala predicts impaired emotional memory in major depressive disorder","volume":"94","author":"G Weniger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88523","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088523","article-title":"Increased amygdalar and hippocampal volumes in young adults with social anxiety","volume":"9","author":"J P Machado-de-Sousa","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2010.12.013","article-title":"Cortex and amygdala morphology in psychopathy","volume":"193","author":"M Boccardi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf008","article-title":"Amygdala pathology in psychosis of epilepsy: A magnetic resonance imaging study in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"125","author":"L T Van Elst","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00166","article-title":"Amygdala Enlargement in Patients with Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy without Hippocampal Sclerosis","volume":"4","author":"A C Coan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16423","article-title":"Impaired vigilance networks in temporal lobe epilepsy: Mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"61","author":"D J Englot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-014- 0257-2","article-title":"Past and present definitions of epileptogenesis and its biomarkers","volume":"11","author":"A Pitk\u00e4nen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"102157","article-title":"Intracerebral connectivity of the amygdala in temporal lobe epilepsy: an intracranial EEG study","volume":"25","author":"J Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp242","article-title":"Local and remote epileptogenicity in focal cortical dysplasias and neurodevelopmental tumours","volume":"132","author":"S Aubert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.05.029","article-title":"The \u201cConnectivity Epileptogenicity Index\u201d (cEI), a method for mapping the different seizure onset patterns in StereoElectroEncephalography recorded seizures","volume":"131","author":"A Balatskaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-021-00848-y","article-title":"Divergent Anatomical Correlates and Functional Network Connectivity Patterns in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy with and Without Depression","volume":"34","author":"Y Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Topogr"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528- 1167.2007.01485.x","article-title":"Voxel-based morphometry of temporal lobe epilepsy: an introduction and review of the literature","volume":"49","author":"S S Keller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref24","first-page":"1119","article-title":"Rates and predictors of seizure freedom after surgical resections in the modern era: systematic review and meta analysis","volume":"117","author":"D J Englot","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13455","article-title":"Temporal lobe epilepsy with amygdala enlargement: A systematic review","volume":"144","author":"K Chakravarty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-014-0194-z","article-title":"Temporal lobe epilepsy with amygdala enlargement: A subtype of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"14","author":"R-J Lv","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.54029\/2024vxa","article-title":"Clinical features and surgical outcomes in temporal lobe epilepsy with amygdala enlargement - a single tertiary center study","volume":"29","author":"T Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol Asia"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16400","article-title":"Volume change in amygdala enlargement as a prognostic factor in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: A longitudinal study","volume":"61","author":"H K Na","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2017.02.018","article-title":"Prognostic analysis for short- and long-term outcomes of newly diagnosed epilepsy","volume":"47","author":"Y-L Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.10.012","article-title":"Epileptogenic networks in drug-resistant epilepsy with amygdala enlargement: Assessment with stereo-EEG and 7 T MRI","volume":"133","author":"J Makhalova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/epd2.70061","article-title":"Late-onset temporal lobe epilepsy: Enlarged amygdala-hippocampus indicates interictal epileptic activity at electroencephalography and memory impairment","volume":"27","author":"H Takeyama","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2019.1075","article-title":"The epileptogenic zone in pharmaco-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy with amygdala enlargement","volume":"21","author":"H Suzuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/117.4.739","article-title":"Relationship between atrophy of the amygdala and ictal fear in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"117","author":"F Cendes","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2016.04.015","article-title":"Isolated amygdala enlargement in temporal lobe epilepsy: A systematic review","volume":"60","author":"S MJ Beh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.70071","article-title":"Nuclei-Specific Amygdala Enlargement Is Linked to Psychiatric Comorbidities in Drug-Resistant Focal Epilepsy","volume":"12","author":"H Mourre","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2011.00694.x","article-title":"Temporal lobe epilepsy with amygdala enlargement: A morphologic and functional study","volume":"24","author":"S Takaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13471","article-title":"Suspected new-onset autoimmune temporal lobe epilepsy with amygdala enlargement","volume":"57","author":"M P Malter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-018-2109-y","article-title":"Amygdala enlargement in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: an alternative imaging presentation of limbic epilepsy","volume":"61","author":"A A Capizzano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17968","article-title":"Amygdala enlargement in temporal lobe epilepsy: Histopathology and surgical outcomes","volume":"65","author":"L Shakhatreh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.05.033","article-title":"Ictal stereo-electroencephalography onset patterns of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and their clinical implications","volume":"131","author":"R Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410340513","article-title":"Interictal indices of temporal seizure origin","volume":"34","author":"W T Blume","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-014-0194-z","article-title":"Temporal lobe epilepsy with amygdala enlargement: a subtype of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"14","author":"R-J Lv","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17877","article-title":"Which terms should be used to describe medications used in the treatment of seizure disorders? An ILAE position paper","volume":"65","author":"E Perucca","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2019.11.015","article-title":"Long term sequelae of amygdala enlargement in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"74","author":"J S Peedicail","year":"2020","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072- 020-04794","article-title":"Diagnosis and surgical treatment of non-lesional temporal lobe epilepsy with unilateral amygdala enlargement","volume":"42","author":"Z Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.206342","article-title":"Amygdalar enlargement in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"82","author":"T Mitsueda-Ono","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuarg.2019.04.002","article-title":"Epilepsia farmacorresistente. Estudio observacional retrospectivo","volume":"11","author":"L A Mora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol Argent"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a022418","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022418","article-title":"The Diathesis-Epilepsy Model: How Past Events Impact the Development of Epilepsy and Comorbidities","volume":"6","author":"C Bernard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"}],"container-title":["Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0046-1825522.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T22:58:47Z","timestamp":1784069927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0046-1825522"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"06","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s00461825522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0046-1825522","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-282X","1678-4227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-282X","type":"print"},{"value":"1678-4227","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}}}