{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T23:28:27Z","timestamp":1786577307211,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Dent"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This in vitro study evaluated and compared the effects of various commercially available whitening toothpastes on the degradation of force and the surface properties of orthodontic elastomeric power chains (EPCs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Fifty identical clear EPC segments were randomly divided into five groups (n\u2009=\u200910): Group A (hydrogen peroxide\u2013based), Group B (hydrated silica\u2013based), Group C (activated charcoal\u2013based), Group D (regular toothpaste), and Group E (distilled water control). Specimens were stretched to 25\u2009mm on acrylic jigs and subjected to simulated brushing twice daily for 28 days using toothpaste slurries (1:3 dilution) and were maintained in a thermostatic water bath at 37\u00b0C\u2009\u00b1\u20091\u00b0C to simulate the oral environment. Force measurements were recorded at baseline, 24\u2009hours, and 7, 14, 21, and 28 days using a digital force gauge. Statistical analysis using mixed repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant effects of time and toothpaste formulation (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Color stability and surface morphology were evaluated visually and by optical microscopy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>All groups exhibited significant time-dependent force loss (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with the greatest reduction (approximately 55%) occurring within the first 24\u2009hours. Group C (charcoal-based) showed the highest force degradation (75.4% at 28 days), which was significantly greater than that observed in all other groups (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Groups A, B, D, and E demonstrated comparable force loss patterns (approximately 65\u201368%). Surface roughness and discoloration increased over time, most notably in Groups B, C, and D.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Whitening toothpastes, particularly those containing activated charcoal, significantly accelerate force degradation and surface deterioration of orthodontic EPCs. Peroxide-based whitening toothpastes appear to have a less detrimental chemical effect. Careful selection of oral hygiene products is therefore recommended during orthodontic treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0046-1825871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T23:08:36Z","timestamp":1786576116000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Daily-Use Whitening Toothpastes on Force Degradation of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chains: An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.1055","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9653-2050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usama","family":"Osman Shafie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cyprus Health and Social Science University, Guzelyurt, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orhan","family":"\u00d6zdiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cyprus Health and Social Science University, Guzelyurt, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"07","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2006.02.002","article-title":"The bleaching of teeth: a review of the literature","volume":"34","author":"A Joiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"78","article-title":"Efficacy of dental bleaching with whitening dentifrices: A systematic review","volume":"2018","author":"B GS Casado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics","author":"W R Proffit","year":"2019","edition":"6th ed."},{"issue":"04","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(05)81336-8","article-title":"Force decay of elastomeric chain\u2013a serial study. 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(Isfahan)"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.4103\/ejd.ejd_83_17","article-title":"The effect of toothpastes with bleaching agents on the force decay of elastomeric orthodontic chains","volume":"11","author":"M Behnaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref9","first-page":"18","article-title":"Color stability of clear orthodontic elastomeric chains exposed to whitening products","volume":"23","author":"A Flores","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.4103\/jos.jos_43_24","article-title":"The effect of energy drinks on force degradation of elastomeric chains (An in vitro study)","volume":"13","author":"N N Abbass","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Orthod Sci"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref11","first-page":"45","article-title":"The effects of peroxide-containing whitening agents on the force decay of orthodontic elastomeric 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study","volume":"18","author":"C A Kassir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Orthod"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2004.01366.x","article-title":"In vitro degradation of polyurethane orthodontic elastomeric modules","volume":"32","author":"T Eliades","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.2319\/062211-407.1","article-title":"Stewart KT. The effects of varying alcohol concentrations commonly found in mouth rinses on the force decay of elastomeric chain","volume":"82","author":"T M Larrabee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-6440202104487","article-title":"Force degradation of elastomeric chains after storage time and mechanical brushing","volume":"32","author":"A C Silva Chaves-Filho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz Dent J"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60","DOI":"10.11607\/ortho.892","article-title":"Color stability of five orthodontic clear elastic ligatures","volume":"14","author":"D C Soldati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orthodontics (Chic)"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3390\/dj10100191","article-title":"Effect of whitening toothpaste on surface roughness and colour alteration of artificially extrinsic stained human enamel: an in vitro study","volume":"10","author":"S Suriyasangpetch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent J (Basel)"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref28","first-page":"128","article-title":"Effect of whitening toothpastes with different whitening agents on the color stability of orthodontic clear elastic ligatures","volume":"7","author":"G K Hussein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Med Res Health Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06367-7","article-title":"Effects of types of toothpastes and brands of silicone aesthetic ligatures on discoloration of elastomeric ligatures: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"25","author":"M Aryannejad","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0046-1825871.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T23:08:45Z","timestamp":1786576125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0046-1825871"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"references-count":29,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0046-1825871","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1305-7456","1305-7464"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1305-7456","type":"print"},{"value":"1305-7464","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]}}}