{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T23:51:43Z","timestamp":1785887503857,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Royal Thai Government","award":["4777602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4777602"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Dent"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Preventive dentistry increasingly focuses on bioactive materials to combat enamel demineralization. This study evaluated the anti-demineralization efficacy of two fluoride-free bioactive toners (BATs)\u2014BAT-1 (containing nanohydroxyapatite, calcium phosphate, and antibacterial agents) and BAT-2 (containing calcium phosphate and antibacterial agents)\u2014relative to fluoride-containing functionalized tricalcium phosphate toothpaste (CPT).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Sixty human premolar specimens were prepared, randomly allocated into four groups (n\u2009=\u200915): BAT-1, BAT-2, CPT, and a nontreated control. The specimens were subjected to a 7-day pH-cycling protocol and treated with respective materials twice daily. Surface microhardness was measured at baseline and posttreatment to calculate the percentage of resistance to demineralization (%Rd) and anti-demineralization potential (%ADP). Structural and mineralogical changes were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and polarized light microscopy (PLM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Data were analyzed via ANOVA (analysis of variance) followed by Bonferroni's post-hoc tests to identify significant differences among groups (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>While BAT-1, BAT-2, and CPT showed significantly higher %Rd and %ADP than the control group, their quantitative performance was comparable (p\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). However, SEM analysis revealed that BAT-1 was superior to both BAT-2 and CPT in preserving enamel architecture and promoting mineral penetration. AFM imaging showed more densely packed and better-oriented nanohydroxyapatite crystals in the BAT-1 group. Furthermore, PLM confirmed that BAT-1 achieved the highest level of demineralization prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The anti-demineralization potential of BAT was comparable to CPT. Remarkably, BAT-1 tends to preserve enamel ultrastructure and prevent demineralization progression. BAT-1 appears to be a promising fluoride-free alternative for the prevention of early carious lesions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0046-1827025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T23:30:45Z","timestamp":1785886245000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of the Anti-demineralization Potential of Fluoride-Free Bioactive Toners versus Fluoride-Containing Functionalized Tricalcium Phosphate Toothpaste on Dental Enamel: An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.1055","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1057-2972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apa","family":"Juntavee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6229-6263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niwut","family":"Juntavee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ratha","family":"Rakchumchon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomaterials Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Supichaya","family":"Jitijesadaporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomaterials Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kochanipa","family":"Jungtanasombat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomaterials Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jringjai","family":"Areemit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"08","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3390\/dj9080088","article-title":"Cariogenic biofilms: development, properties, and biomimetic preventive agents","volume":"9","author":"F Meyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent J"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.08.010","article-title":"The role of natural salivary defences in maintaining a healthy oral microbiota","volume":"80","author":"A M Lynge 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