{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T23:27:36Z","timestamp":1786750056359,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Dent"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Dental caries remains highly common among children, indicating a growing need for durable and biocompatible restorative materials. Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are amongst the most commonly used restorative materials because they provide fluoride release, chemical bonding, biocompatibility, and versatility in clinical applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A finite element analysis was performed using a 3D micro-CT\u2013derived model of a primary mandibular first molar. Six models were created, including Class I and Class II cavities restored with high- and low-viscosity GIC, plus two control models. Material properties were based on literature. A 100-N vertical load was applied, and von Mises stress and deformation were analyzed using ANSYS. The materials were assumed to be homogeneous, isotropic, and linearly elastic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>High-viscosity GIC showed lower stress than low-viscosity GIC in both cavity types. In Class I cavities, the stresses were 17.65 MPa versus 22.28 MPa, and in Class II cavities, 27.10 MPa versus 32.49 MPa. Class II cavities showed higher stress and deformation than Class I cavities. Unrestored models showed the highest stress values.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Material stiffness and cavity design significantly affected stress distribution in primary molars. High-viscosity GIC demonstrated more favorable biomechanical behavior than low-viscosity GIC. Class II cavities generated higher stresses than Class I cavities under static loading.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0046-1827028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T23:13:26Z","timestamp":1786749206000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Evaluation of the Stress of High- and Low-Viscosity Glass Ionomer Filling Materials in Class I and Class II Cavities in Primary Molars Using Finite Element Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1055","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1113-1140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dlsoz Abdul","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedodontic and Community Oral Health, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"ref1","first-page":"e74704","article-title":"Managing early childhood caries: a comparative review of preventive and restorative approaches","volume":"16","author":"A A Aljohani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","first-page":"83","article-title":"Pediatric dentists' choices of restorative materials for primary molars","volume":"35","author":"Y H Al-dlaigan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pak Oral Dent J"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb7030016","article-title":"A review of glass-ionomer cements for clinical dentistry","volume":"7","author":"S K Sidhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Funct Biomater"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.15644\/asc53\/2\/4","article-title":"Mechanical 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dentistry: a review","volume":"13","author":"S Shivakumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Int Oral Health"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9279","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159279","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of the pulp chamber and coronal tooth of primary molars: an in vitro study","volume":"19","author":"M Di\u00e9guez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref13","first-page":"317","article-title":"Finite element analysis of different restorative materials in primary teeth restorations","volume":"15","author":"F Sengul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Dent"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2013.07.008","article-title":"Mechanical behavior of a bi-layer glass ionomer","volume":"29","author":"C C Bonif\u00e1cio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref15","first-page":"34","article-title":"Pattern of distribution of dental caries in first and second primary molars in paediatric dental patients attending Lagos State University Teaching Hospital","volume":"4","author":"A S Omotuyole","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Paediatr Dent Res Pract"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9677","DOI":"10.3390\/app15179677","article-title":"Three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEM) of tooth stress: the impact of cavity design and restorative materials","volume":"15","author":"Y D Fidancio\u011flu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Sci (Basel)"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref17","first-page":"116","article-title":"Glass ionomer restorative cement systems: an update","volume":"37","author":"J H Berg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Classification, applications, and properties of glass ionomer\u2013based materials in 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different restorative materials: 3D finite element analysis (FEM)","volume":"18","author":"R Mohammadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04038-7","article-title":"The stress distribution of a primary molar tooth restored with stainless steel crown using different luting cements","volume":"24","author":"M S Guler","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-024-01029-6","article-title":"Stress distribution in restored mandibular molars with external cervical resorption: a finite element analysis","volume":"113","author":"T Aslan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230356","DOI":"10.20396\/bjos.v22i00.8670356","article-title":"Hady, Influence of the cervical margin relocation on stress distribution-a finite element analysis on lower first molar restored by direct nano-ceramic composite","volume":"22","author":"Na Aggan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Braz J Oral Sci"}],"container-title":["European Journal of 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