{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T09:50:12Z","timestamp":1791366612730,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"07","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":61,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arq Neuropsiquiatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Autoimmune-associated epilepsy (AAE) is an increasingly-recognized condition in which seizures result from immune-mediated mechanisms, such as Rasmussen's encephalitis and antibody-associated epilepsies. Its timely identification may enable more efficacious therapy and improve outcomes. The current paper aims to provide a clinically-oriented review of AAE, focusing on clinical identification, use of diagnostic scoring systems, and immunological testing strategies. Antibody-associated epilepsy encompasses a broad spectrum of presentations, from postencephalitic epilepsy to isolated drug-resistant temporal-lobe epilepsy. Neuronal-surface autoantibodies (such as anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR), anti- leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (anti-LGI1), anti-CASPR2) and intracellular antibodies (such as anti-GAD65) are variably associated with pathogenesis and chronicity. Clinical scoring systems (such as Antibody Prevalence in Epilepsy and Encephalopathy - APE2, Antibody Contributing to Focal Epilepsy Signs and Symptoms - ACES, ntibody Prevalence in Epilepsy before Surgery - APES, Antibody in Drug-Resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy - ARTE and \u2018Obvious\u2019 Indications for Neural Antibody Testing in Epilepsy or Seizures - ONES) are helpful in selecting patients for autoantibody testing. A comprehensive workup includes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, prolonged electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, and combined serum\/CSF antibody panels. Testing methodology and antibody type must be carefully interpreted in the light of clinical context. In low-resource settings, cost-effective testing strategies and clinical-screening tools are crucial to optimize the diagnostic yield. Early clinical suspicion, guided use of diagnostic scores, and appropriate immunological investigation are central to manage AAE. Recognizing AAE as a distinct diagnostic category is essential to improve care and guide immunotherapeutic decisions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0046-1827055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T23:10:18Z","timestamp":1788217818000},"page":"001-012","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Autoimmune-associated epilepsy: definitions and diagnosis \u2013 a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7647-8447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1sia Oliveira de Holanda Monteiro","family":"Frezatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Departamento de Neuroci\u00eancias e Ci\u00eancias do Comportamento, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto SP, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2131-9438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa Daccach","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Departamento de Neuroci\u00eancias e Ci\u00eancias do Comportamento, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto SP, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1768-2357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9rico Ceiki","family":"Sakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Departamento de Neuroci\u00eancias e Ci\u00eancias do Comportamento, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto SP, 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