{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T18:43:41Z","timestamp":1764873821285,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"14","funder":[{"name":"Spanish\nAgency of Research) and the European Regional Development\nFund","award":["PGC2018\u2013102116-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGC2018\u2013102116-B-I00"]}]},{"name":"SWIM II: Specific Water Innovative\nMeasurements: Applied to the performance improvement\u201d\nand the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport","award":["FPU16\/02629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU16\/02629"]}]},{"name":"University of Granada, Granada"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to compare three swimming conditions in a swimming flume with\nwater at 26\u2009\u2103 (using swimsuit) and 18\u2009\u2103\n(randomly with swimsuit and wetsuit). Seventeen swimmers (32.4\u00b114.7\nyears old, 175.6\u00b10.06\u2009cm height, and 70.4\u00b19.8\u2009kg\nbody mass) performed three bouts until exhaustion at a 400-m front crawl pace\n(24\u2009h intervals). ANOVA repeated measures compared the experimental\nconditions. Swimming at 26\u2009\u2103 with swimsuit evidenced a higher\nmetabolic demand (total energy expenditure; (E)), comparing to\n18\u2009\u2103 swimsuit (p=0.05) and with 18\u2009\u2103\nwetsuit (p=0.04). The 26\u2009\u2103 swimsuit condition presented\nhigher peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), blood lactate concentrations\n([La-]peak), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), maximal heart rate\n(HRmax), anaerobic lactic energy (AnL), E, energy cost (C),\nV\u0307O2\namplitude (Ap), and stroke rate (SR), but lower stroke length (SL) and stroke\nindex (SI) than 18\u2009\u2103 wetsuit. The 18\u2009\u2103 swimsuit\ncondition (comparing to wetsuit) lead to higher V\u0307O2peak, [La-]peak, HRmax,\nE, C, Ap, and SR but lower SL and SI. Swimming at aerobic power\nintensity with swim and wetsuit at 18\u2009\u2103 does not induce\nphysiologic and biomechanical disadvantages compared to 26\u2009\u2103.\nThe results suggested that the use of wetsuit might increase performance at\n18\u2009\u2103 water temperature for competitive master swimmers. Its use\nis thus recommended in open water swimming competitions when the water\ntemperature is 18\u201320\u2009\u2103.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1481-8473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T22:56:02Z","timestamp":1621637762000},"page":"1305-1312","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Swimming with Swimsuit and Wetsuit at Typical vs. Cold-water\nTemperatures (26 vs. 18\u2009\u2103)"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4881-4620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Gay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatics Lab. Department of Physical Education and Sports. Faculty of\nSport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0494-0000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Zacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport\n(CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), Faculty of Sport, University\nof Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Ministry of Education of Brazil, CAPES, Brasilia, Brazil"}]},{"given":"J. Arturo","family":"Abraldes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Movement, Science and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science,\nUniversity of Murcia, Spain Add: ResearcherID: G-1635-201"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Morales-Ort\u00edz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatics Lab. Department of Physical Education and Sports. Faculty of\nSport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain"}]},{"given":"Gracia","family":"L\u00f3pez-Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatics Lab. Department of Physical Education and Sports. Faculty of\nSport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5811-0443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport\n(CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), Faculty of Sport, University\nof Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6773-2359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Arellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatics Lab. Department of Physical Education and Sports. Faculty of\nSport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"580","article-title":"Wet suit effect - A comparison between competitive swimmers and triathletes","volume":"27","author":"J C Chatard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198906000-00017","article-title":"Effect of a triathlon wet suit on drag during swimming","volume":"21","author":"H M Toussaint","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04270-y","article-title":"The energy cost of swimming and its determinants","volume":"120","author":"P Zamparo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.25.1.31","article-title":"Wetsuits, body density and swimming performance","volume":"25","author":"L Cordain","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(00)80042-0","article-title":"The effects of wet suits on physiological and biomechanical indices during\nswimming","volume":"3","author":"R D De Lucas","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2018-0891","article-title":"Is Swimmers\u2019 Performance Influenced by Wetsuit Use?","volume":"15","author":"A Gay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"191","article-title":"Wetsuits and performance: Influence of technical abilities","volume":"41","author":"D Perrier","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hum Mov Stud"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-972817","article-title":"Physiological responses to swimming while wearing a wet suit","volume":"17","author":"T A Trappe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.20.3.129","article-title":"Do wet suits affect swimming speed?","volume":"20","author":"L Parsons","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"444","article-title":"Human physiological responses to cold exposure","volume":"75","author":"J M Stocks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.065565","article-title":"What is the biochemical and physiological rationale for using cold-water\nimmersion in sports recovery? 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