{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T15:31:59Z","timestamp":1759937519120,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior - Brasil","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study aimed to assess the effect of different front crawl stroke rates (SRs)\n                    in the oxygen uptake (\u0307VO2) kinetics and \u0307VO2 peak, the total time to\n                    exhaustion (TTE), and blood lactate concentration ([La]) at 95% of the\n                    400-m front crawl test (T400) mean speed (S400). Twelve endurance swimmers\n                    performed a T400 and four trials at 95% of the S400: (i) free SR, (ii)\n                    fixed SR (100% of the average free SR trial), (iii) reduced SR\n                    (90% of the average free SR trial), and (iv) increased SR (110%\n                    of the average free SR trial). \u0307VO2 was accessed continuously\n                    with breath-by-breath analysis. The results highlighted: (i) the time constant\n                    at increased SR (13.3\u00b14.2\u2009s) was lower than in the reduced SR\n                    condition (19.5\u00b12.6\u2009s); (ii) the amplitude of the primary phase\n                    of \u0307VO2 kinetics in the fixed SR\n                        (44.0\u00b15.8\u2009ml\u00b7kg-1\u00b7min-1)\n                    was higher than in the increased SR condition\n                        (39.5\u00b16.4\u2009ml\u00b7kg-1\u00b7min-1);\n                    and (iii) TTE was lower in the fixed SR (396.1\u00b1189.7\u2009s) than the\n                    increased SR condition (743.0\u00b1340.0\u2009s). The results indicate\n                    that controlled SR could be considered a swimming training strategy, focusing on\n                    physiological parameters overload.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1930-5462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T23:01:51Z","timestamp":1661382111000},"page":"56-63","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Manipulation of Stroke Rate in Swimming: Effects on Oxygen Uptake\n                    Kinetics"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Marcos","family":"Franken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Sports Research Group, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do\n                    Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto\n                    Uruguai e das Miss\u00f5es, Santiago, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education Department, College of Education, United Arab\n                    Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human\n                    Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2137-2423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"De Assis Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Sports Research Group, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do\n                    Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Wellington Gomes","family":"Feitosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Sports Research Group, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do\n                    Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Estadual do\n                    Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza, Brasil, Universidade Estadual do Cear\u00e1,\n                    Fortaleza, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Caetano Decian","family":"Lazzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina,\n                    Florian\u00f3polis, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina,\n                    Florianopolis, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5632-8994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Diefenthaeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina,\n                    Florian\u00f3polis, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina,\n                    Florianopolis, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Fl\u00e1vio Souza","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Sports Research Group, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do\n                    Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"278","article-title":"Relationships of stroke rate, distance per stroke and velocity in competitive\n                    swimming","volume":"11","author":"A B Craig","year":"1979","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b94a51","article-title":"Effect of stroke rate reduction on swimming technique during paced exercise","volume":"25","author":"M R Alberty","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181d9ee87","article-title":"Oxygen uptake response to stroke rate manipulation in freestyle swimming","volume":"42","author":"S P Mclean","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2008.02.005","article-title":"Relationship between oxygen uptake slow component and surface EMG during heavy\n                    exercise in humans: influence of pedal rate","volume":"19","author":"F Vercruyssen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1251989","article-title":"Effects of altering pedal frequency on the slow component of pulmonary\n                    VO\u02d92 kinetics and EMG activity","volume":"31","author":"D M Hirai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1368784","article-title":"Which are the best VO2 sampling intervals to characterize low to severe swimming\n                    intensities?","volume":"35","author":"K De Jesus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675363","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/675363","article-title":"\u0307VO2 kinetics\n                    and metabolic contributions whilst swimming at 95, 100, and 105% of the\n                    velocity at V\u0307O2max","volume":"2014","author":"A Sousa","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04348-y","article-title":"VO2 kinetics and energy contribution in simulated maximal performance during\n                    short and middle distance\u2011trials in swimming","volume":"120","author":"TA F Almeida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-022-00903-6","article-title":"VO2 kinetics and bioenergetic responses to sets performed at 90%,\n                    92.5%, and 95% of 400-m front crawl speed in male swimmers","volume":"18","author":"C C de Matos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sport Sci Health"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318265a6ce","article-title":"How narrow is the spectrum of submaximal speeds in swimming?","volume":"27","author":"C C Greco","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c090010","article-title":"Exercise: Kinetic considerations for gas exchange","volume":"1","author":"H B Rossiter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Introduction to oxygen uptake kinetics and historical development of the\n                    discipline. In: Jones A, Poole D, eds. Oxygen Uptake Kinetics in Sport, Exercise\n                    and Medicine","author":"A Jones","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/sports7020031","article-title":"VO2FITTING: a free and open-source software for modelling oxygen uptake kinetics\n                    in swimming and other exercise modalities","volume":"24","author":"R Zacca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports (Basel)"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/17461390701456148","article-title":"Oxygen uptake kinetics as a determinant of sports performance","volume":"7","author":"M Burnley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00072","article-title":"Sex and exercise intensity do not influence oxygen uptake kinetics in submaximal\n                    swimming","volume":"8","author":"J F Reis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1139\/h04-049","article-title":"VO2 and EMG activity kinetics during moderate and severe constant work rate\n                    exercise in trained cyclists","volume":"29","author":"C Cleuziou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"546","article-title":"VO2 off transient kinetics in extreme intensity swimming","volume":"10","author":"A Sousa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2836","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000504","article-title":"Ventilatory and physiological responses in swimmers below and above their\n                    maximal lactate steady state","volume":"29","author":"M C Espada","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-3093-5","article-title":"VO2 kinetics and metabolic contributions during full and upper body extreme\n                    swimming intensity","volume":"115","author":"J Ribeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1015-3123","article-title":"Standards for ethics in sport and exercise science research: 2020 update","volume":"40","author":"D J Harriss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3372-4","article-title":"Velocity, aerobic power and metabolic cost of whole body and arms only front\n                    crawl swimming at various stroke rates","volume":"116","author":"K S Morris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-018-0472-z","article-title":"Acute biochemical and physiological responses to swimming training series\n                    performed at intensities based on the 400-m front crawl speed","volume":"14","author":"M Franken","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sport Sci Health"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-123707","article-title":"Validity of postexercise measurements to estimate peak VO2 in 200-m and 400-m\n                    maximal swims","volume":"38","author":"F A Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1023-4280","article-title":"the 400-m front crawl test: energetic and 3d kinematical analyses","volume":"41","author":"R A Correia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410801974984","article-title":"Swimming technique changes during time to exhaustion at freely chosen and\n                    controlled stroke rate","volume":"26","author":"M Alberty","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2020.1814852","article-title":"Effects of exceeding stroke frequency of maximal effort on hand kinematics and\n                    hand propulsive force in front crawl","author":"D Koga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Biomech"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00891.x","article-title":"Influence of exercise intensity on the on-and off-transient kinetics of\n                    pulmonary oxygen uptake in humans","volume":"533","author":"F \u00d6zyener","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.5.3.292","article-title":"Are oxygen uptake kinetics modified when using a respiratory snorkel?","volume":"5","author":"J F Reis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1316362","article-title":"Different VO2max time-averaging intervals in swimming","volume":"33","author":"R J Fernandes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed","year":"1988","author":"J Cohen","key":"ref30"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.6.2212","article-title":"Is the V\u0307O2 slow component dependent on progressive recruitment of\n                    fast-twitch fibers in trained runners?","volume":"90","author":"F Borrani","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2011.05.012","article-title":"Oxygen uptake kinetics and middle distance swimming performance","volume":"15","author":"J F Reis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201X.1997.00120.x","article-title":"Effects of reduced muscle temperature on the oxygen uptake kinetics at the start\n                    of exercise","volume":"159","author":"T Shiojiri","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/s1440-2440(05)80054-4","article-title":"Physiological responses during submaximal interval swimming training: effects of\n                    interval duration","volume":"8","author":"D J Bentley","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"186","article-title":"Oxygen uptake kinetics at moderate and extreme swimming intensities","volume":"19","author":"A Sousa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Bras Med Esporte"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S94","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199305001-00527","article-title":"Swimming economy is optimized at a freely chosen distance per stroke","volume":"25","author":"J A Pawelczyk","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1021194","article-title":"Adaptations to six months of aerobic swim training, changes in velocity, stroke\n                    rate, stroke length and blood lactate","volume":"14","author":"K Wakayoshi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-972957","article-title":"Relationship between oxygen uptake, stroke rate and swimming velocity in\n                    competitive swimming","volume":"16","author":"K Wakayoshi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-1930-5462.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:32:31Z","timestamp":1672965151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-1930-5462"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1930-5462","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0172-4622","1439-3964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0172-4622"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1439-3964"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]}}}