{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T01:49:45Z","timestamp":1772848185137,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"14","funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["2021.04976.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.04976.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Empirical observations support that the addition of a plastic strip \u2013 also known as Randall foils \u2013 on the top edge of a rowing blade improves rowing efficiency during the cycle propulsive phase. The aim of the current study was to analyze the effect of using big blades with and without Randall foils on rowing performance. Twenty experienced rowers performed two 90\u2009s tethered rowing bouts (with and without Randall foils) to assess their impact on force production and physiologic variables. All tests were randomized and a repeated measure design was used to compare experimental conditions. Higher values of peak and mean peak forces (479.4\u00b1134.7 vs. 423.2\u00b1153.0, d=0.83 and 376.5\u00b1101.4 vs. 337.1\u00b1113.3\u2009N, d=0.68), peak oxygen uptake (47.9\u00b17.5 vs. 45.3\u00b17.3\u2009mL\u2219kg\u22121\u2219min\u22121, d=0.19), peak blood lactate concentration (7.9\u00b11.6 vs. 6.9\u00b11.7\u2009mmol\u2219L\u22121, d=0.16), blood lactate increasing speed (0.08\u00b10.01 vs. 0.07\u00b10.06 [(mmol\u00b7L\u22121)\u00b7s\u22121], d=0.27) and lactic anaerobic energy (27.4\u00b17.9 vs. 23.4\u00b18.1\u2009kJ, d=0.23) were found for big blades with vs. without Randall foils, p&lt;0.05. The current data suggest that the Randall foils can positively affect rowing performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1990-9787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T07:27:31Z","timestamp":1669879651000},"page":"1043-1048","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Mechanics and Energetic Analysis of Rowing with Big Blades with Randall Foils"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manoel","family":"Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diogo","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"J. Arturo","family":"Abraldes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Sciences, Movement Sciences and Sport, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Beatriz B.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Vilas-Boas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo J.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000580","article-title":"Exercise Modality Effect on Bioenergetical Performance at VO2max Intensity","volume":"47","author":"A Sousa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review of propulsive mechanisms in rowing","volume":"224","author":"N Caplan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng Part P J Sports Eng Tech"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.5960\/dzsm.2021.485","article-title":"Olympic Rowing \u2013 Maximum Capacity over 2000 Meters","volume":"72","author":"G Treff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ger J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02844156","article-title":"Fluid forces on kayak paddle blades of different design","volume":"6","author":"D Sumner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sports Eng"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2010.495994","article-title":"Estimation of the energy loss at the blades in rowing: common assumptions revisited","volume":"28","author":"M Hofmijster","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410701203468","article-title":"Optimization of oar blade design for improved performance in rowing","volume":"25","author":"N Caplan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410600809985","article-title":"A fluid dynamic investigation of the Big Blade and Macon oar blade designs in rowing propulsion","volume":"25","author":"N Caplan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.27.2.161","article-title":"Relationship between tethered forces and the four swimming techniques performance","volume":"27","author":"P Morou\u00e7o","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1273689","article-title":"A Semi-Tethered Test for Power Assessment in Running","volume":"32","author":"M Lima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"211","article-title":"A Correlational Analysis of Tethered Swimming, Swim Sprint Performance and Dry-land Power Assessments","volume":"37","author":"I Loturco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2014-0041","article-title":"Prediction of Rowing Ergometer Performance from Functional Anaerobic Power, Strength and Anthropometric Components","volume":"41","author":"F Ak\u00e7a","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hum Kinet"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1080\/026404102320219383","article-title":"Prediction of 2000 m indoor rowing performance using a 30 s sprint and maximal oxygen uptake","volume":"20","author":"S E Riechman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1025051","article-title":"Estimation of the contribution of the various energy systems during maximal work of short duration","volume":"9","author":"O Serresse","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00392039","article-title":"Variable resistance all-out test to generate accumulated oxygen deficit and predict anaerobic capacity","volume":"69","author":"P B Gastin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1015-3123","article-title":"Ethical Standards in Sport and Exercise Science Research: 2020 Update","volume":"40","author":"D J Harriss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"193","article-title":"Biomechanics of rowing: kinematic, kinetic and electromyographic aspects","author":"F Dal Bello","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Phys Educ Sport"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1026072","article-title":"Comparison of prolonged exercise tests at the individual anaerobic threshold and the fixed anaerobic threshold of 4 mmol.l(-1) lactate","volume":"3","author":"H Stegmann","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0975-9532","article-title":"Anaerobic threshold biophysical characterisation of the four swimming techniques","volume":"41","author":"D D Carvalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"377","article-title":"Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion","volume":"14","author":"GA Borg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.67.5.1881","article-title":"Relative importance of aerobic and anaerobic energy release during short-lasting exhausting bicycle exercise","volume":"67","author":"J I Medbo","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199703000-00015","article-title":"Metabolic profile of high intensity intermittent exercises","volume":"29","author":"I Tabata","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1025736","article-title":"The energy cost of human locomotion on land and Water","volume":"7","author":"PE Di Prampero","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04270-y","article-title":"The energy cost of swimming and its determinants","volume":"120","author":"P Zamparo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002762","article-title":"Monitoring Age-Group Swimmers Over a Training Macrocycle: Energetics, Technique, and Anthropometrics","volume":"34","author":"R Zacca","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000580","article-title":"Exercise Modality Effect on Bioenergetical Performance at VO2max Intensity","volume":"47","author":"AFP Sousa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1433-7","article-title":"Energetics of swimming: A historical perspective","volume":"111","author":"P Zamparo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000584","article-title":"Comparison of the acute metabolic responses to traditional resistance, body-weight, and battling rope exercises","volume":"29","author":"N A Ratamess","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0221284","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221284","article-title":"Are wearable heart rate measurements accurate to estimate aerobic energy cost during low-intensity resistance exercise?","volume":"14","author":"V M Reis","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"F Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science","volume":"41","author":"W G Hopkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2020-0038","article-title":"Predicting the 2000-m rowing ergometer performance from anthropometric, maximal oxygen uptake and 60-s mean power variables in national level young rowers","volume":"75","author":"D Cerasola","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hum Kinet"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.27.2.161","article-title":"Relationship between tethered forces and the four swimming techniques performance","volume":"27","author":"P Morou\u00e7o","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1548766","article-title":"All-out test in tethered canoe system can determine anaerobic parameters of elite kayakers","volume":"36","author":"L H Messias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83900-y","article-title":"The impact of a single surfing paddling cycle on fatigue and energy cost","volume":"11","author":"M Borgonovo-Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2014-0114","article-title":"Paddling force profiles at different stroke rates in elite sprint kayaking","volume":"31","author":"B B Gomes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/02640418708729769","article-title":"A study of the forces exerted by an oarsman and the effect on boat speed","volume":"5","author":"A Millward","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589013","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2020.589013","article-title":"Technical determinants of on-water rowing performance","volume":"2","author":"A C Holt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0249122","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249122","article-title":"Relationships between measures of boat acceleration and performance in rowing, with and without controlling for stroke rate and power output","volume":"16","author":"A C Holt","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200131100-00003","article-title":"Energy system interaction and relative contribution during maximal exercise","volume":"31","author":"PB Gastin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-3093-5","article-title":"VO2 kinetics and metabolic contributions during full and upper body extreme swimming intensity","volume":"115","author":"J Ribeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-1990-9787.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T19:41:53Z","timestamp":1728502913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-1990-9787"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1990-9787","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0172-4622","1439-3964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0172-4622","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-3964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]}}}