{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T03:59:30Z","timestamp":1777607970696,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"10","funder":[{"name":"Jos\u00e9 Afonso, CIFI2D is financed by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["10.54499\/UIDB\/05913\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UIDB\/05913\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This meta-analysis aimed to compare the acute physiological, physical, and\n                    technical demands in soccer players during different sided game formats (1v1 to\n                    10v10). This review included studies on soccer players with a competitive or\n                    developmental level, focusing on games with at least one comparison of sided\n                    formats. Outcomes assessed included physiological parameters (e.g., heart rate\n                    and blood lactate levels), physical demands (e.g., distance and accelerations),\n                    and technical actions (e.g., passes). The risk of bias assessment tool for\n                    nonrandomized studies of interventions (RoBANS 2) and (Grading of\n                    Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) were used to evaluate\n                    the risk of bias and the certainty of evidence. The search across PubMed,\n                    Scopus, and Web of Science identified 2,545 records, of which 72 studies were\n                    included. Meta-analyses found that 2v2 and 3v3 formats were more physiologically\n                    intense, showing higher perceived exertion and blood lactate levels, with 3v3\n                    also having higher heart rates. The 4v4 and 3v3 formats resulted in greater\n                    physical demands compared to the 2v2 format, with increased distances covered at\n                    various speeds, although differences were minimal beyond the 4v4 format. Smaller\n                    formats promoted ball possession, while the 3v3 format resulted in more\n                    successful shots, dribbles, and passes. In conclusion, small-sided games\n                    (&lt;\u20093v3) were more physiologically demanding, mid-sized formats (&gt;\u20094v4)\n                    increased locomotor demands, and smaller formats improved technical skills,\n                    although the findings should be interpreted cautiously due to study\n                    limitations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2591-6995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T18:33:36Z","timestamp":1745001216000},"page":"710-741","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Physiological, Physical and Technical Demands During Sided Soccer\n                    Game Formats: a Review"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9813-2842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe Manuel","family":"Clemente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do\n                    Castelo, Melgaco, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biomechanics and Sport Engineering, Gdansk University of\n                    Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gda\u0144sk, Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"None, Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation\n                    Center, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0825-4032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo V.","family":"Martinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra,\n                    Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"None, Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation\n                    Center, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do\n                    Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Trybulski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department, Wojciech Korfanty Upper Silesian Academy, Katowice,\n                    Poland"},{"name":"None, Provita \u017bory Medical Center, \u017bory, Poland"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, Salamanca,\n                    Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0893-7573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Science, University of Le\u00f3n,\n                    Leon, Spain"},{"name":"VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Leon,\n                    Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5373-2211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Beato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich,\n                    United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport\n                    (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, FADEUP, Porto,\n                    Portugal"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.2165\/11539740-000000000-00000","article-title":"Physiology of small-sided games training in football: a systematic review","volume":"41","author":"S V Hill-Haas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports 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review","volume":"13","author":"L Ometto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Sports Sci Coach"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2171-3255","article-title":"Endurance performance adaptations between SSG and HIIT in soccer players: A\n                    meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"F M Clemente","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2018.1535821","article-title":"A systematic review on small-sided games in football players: Acute and chronic\n                    adaptations","volume":"37","author":"P Bujalance-Moreno","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0247067","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247067","article-title":"Small-sided games: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and\n                    meta-analyses","volume":"16","author":"F M Clemente","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.17265\/2332-7839\/2018.01.002","article-title":"Small-Sided Games and Technical Skills in Soccer Training: Systematic Review and\n                    Implications for Sport and Physical Education Practitioners","volume":"6","author":"S Francesco Sgr\u00f2","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"42","article-title":"Systematic Review: Technical-Tactical Behaviour in Small-Sided Games in Men\u2019s\n                    Football","volume":"148","author":"\u00c1 Ferreira-Ruiz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Apunts Educ F\u00eds Deportes"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.21.12888-9","article-title":"Small-sided games in female soccer players: a systematic review","volume":"62","author":"V DE Dios-\u00c1lvarez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys 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Abt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01256-w","article-title":"Effects of Small-Sided Soccer Games on Physical Fitness, Physiological\n                    Responses, and Health Indices in Untrained Individuals and Clinical Populations:\n                    A Systematic Review","volume":"50","author":"H Zouhal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1310","article-title":"Dealing with effect size multiplicity in systematic reviews and\n                    meta-analyses","volume":"9","author":"J A L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"243","volume-title":"Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. 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J\n                    Clin Epidemiol 2011;64:1283\u20131293","volume":"137","author":"G Guyatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002668","article-title":"Does Man Marking Influence Running Outputs and Intensity During Small-Sided\n                    Soccer Games?","volume":"34","author":"M Aasgaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31822dd398","article-title":"Effects of the number of players and game type constraints on heart rate, rating\n                    of perceived exertion, and technical actions of small-sided soccer games","volume":"26","author":"C I Abrantes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2013-0390","article-title":"Physiological response, time-motion characteristics, and reproducibility of\n                    various speed-endurance drills in elite youth soccer players: small-sided games\n                    versus generic running","volume":"9","author":"J D Ade","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318267a35c","article-title":"Physiological responses and activity profiles of football small-sided games","volume":"27","author":"M V Aguiar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s12662-020-00691-6","article-title":"Effects of different small-sided games on blood lactate and GH\/IGF-1 axis\n                    responses in young soccer players","volume":"51","author":"M Alashti","year":"2021","journal-title":"German J Exerc Sport Res"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-020-00715-6","article-title":"Manipulation of number of players and bouts duration in small-sided games in\n                    youth soccer players","volume":"17","author":"C H Alc\u00e2ntara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sport Sci Health"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2013-0010","article-title":"Offensive sequences in youth soccer: effects of experience and small-sided\n                    games","volume":"36","author":"C H Almeida","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hum Kinet"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2017-0095","article-title":"Effects of Passive and Active Rest on Physiological Responses and Time Motion\n                    Characteristics in Different Small Sided Soccer Games","volume":"60","author":"E Arslan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hum Kinet"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3390\/sports4020031","article-title":"Heart Rate Responses during Small Sided Games and Official Match-Play in\n                    Soccer","volume":"4","author":"A A\u015f\u00e7\u0131","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"301","article-title":"External and internal load during small-sided games in soccer: use or not\n                    floaters","volume":"62","author":"J A Asian-Clemente","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/17543371231175946","article-title":"Application of technology for the analysis of Small-Sided Games in football.\n                    From complexity to chaos in training design: Reference to number of players,\n                    playing space, orientation, time distribution, directionality with goalkeepers,\n                    and feedback","volume":"238","author":"I As\u00edn-Izquierdo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng P J Sport Eng Technol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-014-0197-6","article-title":"High volume training with small-sided games affects technical demands in\n                    football: a descriptive study","volume":"10","author":"M Beato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sport Sci Health"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165242","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2023.1165242","article-title":"Training load comparison between small, medium, and large-sided games in\n                    professional football","volume":"5","author":"M Beato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2017-0054","article-title":"A Comparison of GPS Workload Demands in Match Play and Small-Sided Games by the\n                    Positional Role in Youth Soccer","volume":"57","author":"M Beenham","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hum Kinet"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1177\/17479541211051654","article-title":"The influence of different game formats on technical actions and playing time\n                    parameters - A study with under-7 and under-9 soccer players in a competitive\n                    context","volume":"17","author":"F Bergmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Sports Sci Coach"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s12662-021-00752-4","article-title":"Involvement and performance of U9 soccer players in 7v7 and 5v5 matches during\n                    competition","volume":"52","author":"F Bergmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"German J Exerc Sport Res"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318231ab99","article-title":"Physical responses of different small-sided game formats in elite youth soccer\n                    players","volume":"26","author":"M Brandes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2017.1366760","article-title":"Analysis of the physical and technical differences between 7-a-side and 8-a-side\n                    game modalities in official under 12 soccer matches","volume":"17","author":"A Bravo-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Perform Anal Sport"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2018.1479924","article-title":"Match-running performance of young soccer players in different game formats","volume":"18","author":"\u00c2 Brito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Perform Anal Sport"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2015-0081","article-title":"Influence of the Type of Marking and the Number of Players on Physiological and\n                    Physical Demands During Sided Games in Soccer","volume":"47","author":"D Casamichana","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hum Kinet"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318267a5d1","article-title":"Influence of game format and number of players on heart rate responses and\n                    physical demands in small-sided soccer games","volume":"27","author":"J Castellano","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0127505","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127505","article-title":"Number of Players and Relative Pitch Area per Player: Comparing Their Influence\n                    on Heart Rate and Physical Demands in Under-12 and Under-13 Football\n                    Players","volume":"11","author":"J Castellano","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS 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