{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T12:39:47Z","timestamp":1766579987481,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"13","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We aimed to compare the anaerobic alactic (AnAL) energy expenditure from a 50-m\n                    front crawl swimming between two methodologies in highly trained short-distance\n                    swimmers: (i) based on the maximal phosphocreatine (PCr) splitting in\n                    contracting muscles (AnALPCRSPLITTING) and (ii) based on the oxygen\n                    uptake (\u2009\u02d9VO2) off-kinetics, where AnAL is estimated from the area\n                    under the curve of the fast component (amplitude in liters\u00d7time constant in\n                    minutes) of the 10-minute of excess postexercise oxygen consumption\n                        (AnALVO2KINETICS). Thirty-nine 50-m front-crawl all-out (time\n                    trial) swimming performances and respective off-transient kinetics pulmonary\n                        \u2009\u02d9VO2 samples (23 men: 17.0\u00b12.6 y and; 16 women: 17.0\u00b12.1 y) were\n                    analyzed. We observed no differences (\u03b7\n               2\n               p=0.044;\n                        p=0.068) between AnALPCRSPLITTING (41.7\u00b16.1 kJ) and\n                        AnALVO2KINETICS (37.6\u00b112.7 kJ). Bland\u2013Altman plots indicated high\n                    bias (3.79\u20134.42 kJ) and precision (agreement) (limits:\u221221.31 to 30.14 kJ)\n                    between methods, with repeatability ranging from \u201cpoor\u201d to \u201cmoderate\u201d\n                    (intraclass correlation coefficients: 0.34\u20130.53; p=0.018\u20130.157),\n                    indicating proportional error that varies with the magnitude of the\n                    measurements. Although both methods showed overall agreement, their conceptual\n                    and methodological differences introduce proportional error. Thus, they should\n                    not be used interchangeably, but rather considered complementary, when feasible,\n                    to provide a more comprehensive understanding of AnAL energy expenditure in\n                    short-duration maximal efforts such as 50-m swimming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2630-4269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]],"date-time":"2025-06-07T18:30:21Z","timestamp":1749321021000},"page":"982-989","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anaerobic Alactic Energy Assessment in Short-Distance Maximal\n                    Swimming Performance"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0010-7233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas J","family":"Ruiz-Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatics Lab., Department of Physical Education and\n                    Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada,\n                    Spain"},{"name":"Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS),\n                    University of Granada, Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4881-4620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Gay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatics Lab., Department of Physical Education and\n                    Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada,\n                    Spain"},{"name":"Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS),\n                    University of Granada, Granada, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Arellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatics Lab., Department of Physical Education and\n                    Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada,\n                    Spain"},{"name":"Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS),\n                    University of Granada, Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0494-0000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Zacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL),\n                    Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population\n                    Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Nucleus of Research in Human Motricity Sciences, Universidad Adventista\n                    de Chile, Chill\u00e1n, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratory of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto,\n                    Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04270-y","article-title":"The energy cost of swimming and its determinants","volume":"120","author":"P Zamparo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-0251-4","article-title":"Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise","volume":"2","author":"M Hargreaves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2022-0045","article-title":"Biophysical impact of 5-week training cessation on sprint swimming\n                    performance","volume":"17","author":"J J Ruiz-Navarro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200131100-00003","article-title":"Energy system interaction and relative contribution during maximal exercise","volume":"31","author":"P B Gastin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2012.01517.x","article-title":"Estimating the energy contribution during single and repeated sprint\n                    swimming","volume":"24","author":"M C Peyrebrune","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-3093-5","article-title":"VO2 kinetics and metabolic contributions during full and upper body\n                    extreme swimming intensity","volume":"115","author":"J Ribeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050435","article-title":"Energetics of swimming at maximal speeds in humans","volume":"78","author":"C Capelli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1433-7","article-title":"Energetics of swimming: A historical perspective","volume":"111","author":"P Zamparo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2646-3","article-title":"Anaerobic alactic energy assessment in middle distance swimming","volume":"113","author":"A Sousa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760296","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2022.760296","article-title":"Anaerobic Contribution Determined in Free-Swimming\u202f: Sensitivity to Maturation\n                    Stages and Validity","volume":"4","author":"E Z Campos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0035266","article-title":"Energetics of muscular exercise","volume":"89","author":"P E di Prampero","year":"1981","journal-title":"Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"668","volume-title":"Measurement of total energy use in the evaluation of competitive swimmers","author":"X Thevelein","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"130","volume-title":"Case study: Comparison of swimsuits and wetsuits through biomechanics and\n                    energetics in elite female open water swimmers","author":"R Zacca","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2001.012910","article-title":"Dynamic asymmetry of phosphocreatine concentration and O2 uptake between the on-\n                    and off-transients of moderate- and high-intensity exercise in humans","volume":"541","author":"H B Rossiter","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1970.29.5.651","article-title":"Oxygen debt after submaximal physical exercise","volume":"29","author":"H G Knuttgen","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00891.x","article-title":"Influence of exercise intensity on the on- and off- transient kinetics of\n                    pulmonary oxygen uptake in humans","volume":"533","author":"F Ozyener","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"62","volume-title":"The kinetics of oxygen uptake: physiological inferences from parameters","author":"B J Whipp","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-002-0622-4","article-title":"How anaerobic is the wingate anaerobic test for humans?","volume":"87","author":"R Beneke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1970.29.5.547","article-title":"An analysis of O2 debt contracted in submaximal exercise","volume":"29","author":"P E Di Prampero","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04348-y","article-title":"VO 2 kinetics and energy contribution in simulated maximal performance during\n                    short and middle distance-trials in swimming","volume":"120","author":"TA F Almeida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198401000-00008","article-title":"Metabolic bases of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption: a review","volume":"16","author":"G A Gaesser","year":"1984","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1933.106.3.689","article-title":"The possible mechanisms of contracting and paying the oxygen debt and the role\n                    of lactic acid in muscular contraction","volume":"106","author":"R Margaria","year":"1933","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Legacy Content"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(99)00083-3","article-title":"The energetics of anaerobic muscle metabolism: A reappraisal of older and recent\n                    concepts","volume":"118","author":"P E Di Prampero","year":"1999","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201X.1998.0331e.x","article-title":"Muscle blood flow and oxygen uptake in recovery from exercise","volume":"162","author":"J Bangsbo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"volume-title":"Exercise Physiology for Health Fitness and Performance","year":"2023","author":"D L Smith","key":"ref25"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002548","article-title":"The \u201cAnaerobic Threshold\u201d Concept Is Valid in Physiology and Medicine","volume":"53","author":"H B Rossiter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2012.tb00419.x","article-title":"Oxygen uptake kinetics","volume":"2","author":"D C Poole","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-002-0992-9","article-title":"Relationships between mechanical power, O2 consumption, O2 deficit and\n                    high-energy phosphates during calf exercise in humans","volume":"445","author":"M P Francescato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-0926-z","article-title":"Factors limiting maximal performance in humans","volume":"90","author":"P E di Prampero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.4.1644","article-title":"Phosphocreatine hydrolysis by 31P-NMR at the onset of constant-load exercise in\n                    humans","volume":"73","author":"T Binzoni","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"731","article-title":"Aspetti fisiologici dell\u2019adolescente in relazione alla pratica dell\u2019esercizio\n                    fisico","volume":"21","author":"P Cerretelli","year":"1968","journal-title":"Med Sport Turin"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1964.19.4.623","article-title":"Balance and kinetics of anaerobic energy release during strenuous exercise in\n                    man","volume":"19","author":"R Margaria","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"127","article-title":"Muscular exercise, lactic acid and the supply and utilisation of oxygen. Part\n                    VI","volume":"97","author":"A Hill","year":"1924","journal-title":"Proc R Soc"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.1.153","article-title":"Excess postexercise oxygen consumption and recovery rate in trained and\n                    untrained subjects","volume":"83","author":"K R Short","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-2907-9","article-title":"Effect of exercise intensity on post-exercise oxygen consumption and heart rate\n                    recovery","volume":"114","author":"T N Mann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199201000-00012","article-title":"Effect of supramaximal exercise on excess postexercise O2 consumption","volume":"24","author":"R Bahr","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1991.sp018478","article-title":"Substrates for muscle glycogen synthesis in recovery from intense exercise in\n                    man","volume":"434","author":"J Bangsbo","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0451","article-title":"Defining training and performance caliber\u202f: a participant classification\n                    framework","volume":"17","author":"AK A Mckay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2022.2046174","article-title":"A new model of performance classification to standardize the research results in\n                    swimming","volume":"23","author":"J J Ruiz-Navarro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105005","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/abb143","article-title":"Post-swim oxygen consumption: Assessment methodologies and kinetics\n                    analysis","volume":"41","author":"A S Monteiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3390\/sports7020031","article-title":"VO2 FITTING: A Free and Open-Source Software for Modelling Oxygen\n                    Uptake Kinetics in Swimming and other Exercise Modalities","volume":"7","author":"R Zacca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675363","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/675363","article-title":"VO 2 kinetics and metabolic contributions whilst swimming at 95, 100, and 105%\n                    of the velocity at VO 2 max","volume":"2014","author":"A C Sousa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015808","article-title":"An Effect Size Primer: A Guide for Clinicians and Researchers","volume":"40","author":"C J Ferguson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prof Psychol Res Pr"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-005714","article-title":"Stop controlling for sex and gender in global health research","volume":"6","author":"J R Shapiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00423111","article-title":"Total and alactic oxygen debts after supramaximal work","volume":"38","author":"A D Roberts","year":"1978","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2630-4269.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T23:58:03Z","timestamp":1763596683000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2630-4269"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2630-4269","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0172-4622","1439-3964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0172-4622"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1439-3964"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]]}}}