{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T02:29:01Z","timestamp":1774924141305,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Federa\u00e7\u00e3o das Associa\u00e7\u00f5es de Ginecologia e Obstetr\u00edcia","issue":"08","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,23]],"date-time":"2017-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Objective\u2003To assess the medical doctors and medical students' opinion regarding the evidence and ethical background of the performance of vulvovaginal aesthetic procedures (VVAPs).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Methods\u2003Cross-sectional online survey among 664 Portuguese medical doctors and students.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Results\u2003Most participants considered that there is never or there rarely is a medical reason to perform: vulvar whitening (85.9% [502\/584]); hymenoplasty (72.0% [437\/607]); mons pubis liposuction (71.6% [426\/595]); \u201cG-spot\u201d augmentation (71.0% [409\/576]); labia majora augmentation (66.3% [390\/588]); labia minora augmentation (58.3% [326\/559]); or laser vaginal tightening (52.3% [313\/599]). Gynecologists and specialists were more likely to consider that there are no medical reasons to perform VVAPs; the opposite was true for plastic surgeons and students\/residents.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Hymenoplasty raised ethical doubts in 51.1% (283\/554) of the participants. Plastic surgeons and students\/residents were less likely to raise ethical objections, while the opposite was true for gynecologists and specialists.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Most considered that VVAPs could contribute to an improvement in self-esteem (92.3% [613\/664]); sexual function (78.5% [521\/664]); vaginal atrophy (69.9% [464\/664]); quality of life (66.3% [440\/664]); and sexual pain (61.4% [408\/664]).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Conclusions\u2003While medical doctors and students acknowledge the lack of evidence and scientific support for the performance of VVAPs, most do not raise ethical objections about them, especially if they are students or plastic surgeons, or if they have had or have considered having plastic surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1603967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,23]],"date-time":"2017-06-23T23:05:34Z","timestamp":1498259134000},"page":"415-423","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Survey on Aesthetic Vulvovaginal Procedures: What do Portuguese Doctors and Medical Students Think?"],"prefix":"10.61622","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Vieira-Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centro Hospitalar de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Lima-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centro Hospitalar de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Fonseca-Moutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Virg\u00ednia","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colposcopy and Laser Unit, Hospital da Luz, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"\u00c1guas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"47794","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"05","key":"ref1","first-page":"393","article-title":"\u201cIntimate surgery\u201d: what is done and under which scientif basis?","volume":"9","author":"P Vieira-Baptista","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Ginecol Port."},{"issue":"06","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001908","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001908","article-title":"An analysis of the content and clinical implications of online advertisements for female genital cosmetic surgery","volume":"2","author":"L M Liao","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref3","first-page":"223","article-title":"\u201cCirurgia \u00edntima\u201d \u2013 tempo de impor limites","volume":"8","author":"P Vieira-Baptista","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Ginecol Port."},{"issue":"04","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjv270","article-title":"Factors that influence the decision to undergo labiaplasty: media, relationships, and psychological well-being","volume":"36","author":"G Sharp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000263927.82639.9b","article-title":"ACOG Committee Opinion No. 378: Vaginal \u201crejuvenation\u201d and cosmetic vaginal procedures","volume":"110","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"Female genital cosmetic surgery: a resource for general practitioners and other health professionals","year":"2015"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.6.3.e34","article-title":"Improving the quality of Web surveys: the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES)","volume":"6","author":"G Eysenbach","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-013-0211-4","article-title":"Genital beautification: a concept that offers more than reduction of the labia minora","volume":"37","author":"B Cihantimur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-012-1831-y","article-title":"Does the G-spot exist? 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