{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T13:35:02Z","timestamp":1792330502150,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Massachusetts Medical Society","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NEJM AI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"DOI":"10.1056\/aics2400420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T10:00:52Z","timestamp":1729504852000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Large Language Models for More Efficient Reporting of Hospital Quality Measures"],"prefix":"10.1056","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0944-5906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron","family":"Boussina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6840-999X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rishivardhan","family":"Krishnamoorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7711-0713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly","family":"Quintero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quality, University of California, San Diego, San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3496-4732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shreyansh","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4845-0217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Wardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3374-6471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayden","family":"Pour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2098-5265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Hilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quality, University of California, San Diego, San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9509-1827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atul","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4264-1258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Hogarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5737-5925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy M.","family":"Sitapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2853-8754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chad","family":"VanDenBerg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quality, University of California, San Diego, San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8980-2330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karandeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joan &amp; Irwin Jacobs Center for Health Innovation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4908-6856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Longhurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0520-4948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shamim","family":"Nemati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"150","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.7271"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.1258"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","unstructured":"Ash AS Fienberg SF Louis TA Normand S-L Stukel TA Utts J. Statistical issues in assessing hospital performance. 2012 (http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/20.500.14038\/46655)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.11461"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2018.134"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjq.2018.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. CMS announces relief for clinicians providers hospitals and facilities participating in quality reporting programs in response to COVID-19. March 22 2020 (https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/newsroom\/press-releases\/cms-announces-relief-clinicians-providers-hospitals-and-facilities-participating-quality-reporting)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms2200976"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Quality net \u2014 inpatient hospitals specifications manual. April 16 2024 (https:\/\/qualitynet.cms.gov\/inpatient\/specifications-manuals)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","first-page":"27193","article-title":"Medicare program: proposed hospital inpatient prospective payment systems for acute care hospitals and the long-term care hospital prospective payment system and policy changes and fiscal year 2024 rates","volume":"88","author":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services","year":"2023","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Medicare program: proposed hospital inpatient prospective payment systems for acute care hospitals and the long-term care hospital prospective payment system and policy changes and fiscal year 2024 rates. Fed Regist 2023;88:27193.(https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2023\/08\/28\/2023-16252\/medicare-program-hospital-inpatient-prospective-payment-systems-for-acute-care-hospitals-and-the).","journal-title":"Fed Regist"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad447"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.38823"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2016.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. QualityNet - Hospital quality reporting important dates and deadlines. April 23 2024 (https:\/\/www.qualityreportingcenter.com\/globalassets\/2024\/01\/iqr\/19.-iqr-important-dates-deadlines_february-2024508.pdf)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","unstructured":"Nori H King N McKinney SM Carignan D Horvitz E. Capabilities of GPT-4 on medical challenge problems. March 20 2023 (https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2303.13375). Preprint."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06291-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06160-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25080\/MAJORA-92BF1922-011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","unstructured":"HL7 FHIR Release 4. April 17 2024 (https:\/\/hl7.org\/fhir\/R4\/)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boussina A Shashikumar S Amrollahi F Pour H Hogarth M Nemati S. Development & deployment of a real-time healthcare predictive analytics platform. April 11 2023 (https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2023.04.10.23288373v1). Preprint.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.04.10.23288373"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","first-page":"9459","article-title":"Retrieval-augmented generation for knowledge-intensive NLP tasks","volume":"33","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lewis P, Perez E, Piktus A, et al. Retrieval-augmented generation for knowledge-intensive NLP tasks. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 2020;33:9459-9474.","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim D Park C Kim S et al. Solar 10.7 b: Scaling large language models with simple yet effective depth up-scaling. December 23 2023 (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2312.15166). Preprint.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.naacl-industry.3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","unstructured":"Dettmers T Zettlemoyer L. The case for 4-bit precision: k-bit inference scaling laws. International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR 2023:7750-7774. DOI: 10.48550\/arXiv.2212.09720."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","unstructured":"Hugging Face. Open LLM Leaderboard. April 18 2024 (https:\/\/huggingface.co\/spaces\/HuggingFaceH4\/open_llm_leaderboard)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","first-page":"24824","article-title":"Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models","volume":"35","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wei J, Wang X, Schuurmans D, et al. Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 2022;35:24824-24837.","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","first-page":"1877","article-title":"Language models are few-shot learners","volume":"33","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brown T, Mann B, Ryder N, et al. Language models are few-shot learners. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 2020;33:1877-1901.","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su H Shi W Kasai J et al. One embedder any task: Instruction-finetuned text embeddings. December 19 2022 (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2212.09741). Preprint.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-acl.71"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooz038"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","unstructured":"J Wei M. Bosma V. Y. Zhao et al. Finetuned language models are zero-shot learners. September 3 2021 (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2109.01652). Preprint."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","first-page":"27730","article-title":"Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback","volume":"35","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ouyang L, Wu J, Jiang X, et al. Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 2022;35:27730-27744.","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzw071"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NCQ.0000000000000289"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003592"}],"container-title":["NEJM AI"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T09:00:50Z","timestamp":1729760450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ai.nejm.org\/doi\/10.1056\/AIcs2400420"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1056\/AIcs2400420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/aics2400420","relation":{},"ISSN":["2836-9386"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2836-9386","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]}}}