{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T17:31:29Z","timestamp":1778002289666,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Massachusetts Medical Society","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]],"date-time":"2019-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nejmgroup.org\/legal\/terms-of-use.htm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003510","name":"Estonian Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IUT34-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IUT34-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003510","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["91643205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91643205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["91843302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91843302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18-22125S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-22125S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China Medical Board Collaborating Program","award":["Grant 16-250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant 16-250"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/M022625\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/M022625\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/R013349\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/R013349\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["APP1107107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1107107"]}]},{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["APP1163693"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1163693"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003176","name":"Ministry of Education of Spain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRX17\/00705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRX17\/00705"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003176","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003330","name":"National Plan for I+D+I","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI15\/00515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI15\/00515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003330","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"ISCIII Directorate General for Evaluation and the European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K21004000001-10A0500-00710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K21004000001-10A0500-00710"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Suomen Akatemia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310372"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Suomen Akatemia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["N Engl J Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]]},"DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1817364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]],"date-time":"2019-08-21T21:01:54Z","timestamp":1566421314000},"page":"705-715","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1440,"title":["Ambient Particulate Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in 652 Cities"],"prefix":"10.1056","volume":"381","author":[{"given":"Cong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Renjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Sera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Vicedo-Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Yuming","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Shilu","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Micheline S.Z.S.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Paulo H.N.","family":"Saldiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Lavigne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Matus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Valdes Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Osorio Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Mathilde","family":"Pascal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Stafoggia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Scortichini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Hashizume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Yasushi","family":"Honda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Magali","family":"Hurtado-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Baltazar","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o P.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Aurelio","family":"Tobias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"\u00cd\u00f1iguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Bertil","family":"Forsberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Christofer","family":"\u00c5str\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Martina S.","family":"Ragettli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Yue-Leon","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Bing-Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Caradee Y.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Scovronick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1855-8622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca M.","family":"Garland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Ai","family":"Milojevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Kysel\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Ale\u0161","family":"Urban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Orru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Ene","family":"Indermitte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4168-4683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jouni J.K.","family":"Jaakkola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Niilo R.I.","family":"Ryti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Klea","family":"Katsouyanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Antonis","family":"Analitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Zanobetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Jianmin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Tangchun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2271-3568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Gasparrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]},{"given":"Haidong","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan..."}]}],"member":"150","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2011.593587"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11274-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-015-0690-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","unstructured":"WHO air quality guidelines for particulate matter ozone nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide: global update 2005: summary of risk assessment. Geneva: World Health Organization 2006."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307568"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.06.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11257"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"Multicity study of air pollution and mortality in Latin America (the ESCALA study).","volume":"171","author":"Romieu I","year":"2012","unstructured":"Romieu I, Gouveia N, Cifuentes LA, et al. Multicity study of air pollution and mortality in Latin America (the ESCALA study). Res Rep Health Eff Inst 2012;171:5-86.23311234","journal-title":"Res Rep Health Eff Inst"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"Air pollution and health: a European and North American approach (APHENA).","volume":"142","author":"Katsouyanni K","year":"2009","unstructured":"Katsouyanni K, Samet JM, Anderson HR, et al. Air pollution and health: a European and North American approach (APHENA). Res Rep Health Eff Inst 2009;142:5-90.20073322","journal-title":"Res Rep Health Eff Inst"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409070"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000165"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62114-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","unstructured":"International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. Geneva: World Health Organization 2004."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200012143432401"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000165817.40152.85"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201609-1862OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.10.1127"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60898-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7387"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11345"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm222"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.17923"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2013-204492"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr425"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.58.1.41"}],"container-title":["New England Journal of Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1817364","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T00:44:17Z","timestamp":1711500257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1817364"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1056\/NEJMoa1817364"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa1817364","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-4793","1533-4406"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-4793","type":"print"},{"value":"1533-4406","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]]}}}